^          8LANCHARO  ft  CO. 
i7i    Randolph  Street. 
CHICAGO.  ILL. 
1892. 


I 


'ORIG 
GEO-GRARH         MAPS. 


CHICAGO. 

BLANC  CO 

171  Randolph  Si. 


fatj& 


NOTES  TO  POKTEAIT. 


The  portrait  of  Columbus,  given  in  this  work,  is  engraved  from  a  bust 
executed  by  Peschiera,  a  celebrated  Genoese  sculptor,  in  1821.  In  a  mem- 
oir of  Columbus  by  D.  Gio.  Batista  Spotorno  of  the  Royal  University  of 
Genoa,  the  following  is  translated  from  the  Italian  and  copied  to  show 
the  sources  from  which  the  portrait  is  taken.  The  reason  given  why 
Peschiera  did  not  model  the  bust  from  some  of  the  many  oil  paintings  of 
Columbus,  was  because  he  found  no  satisfactory  proof  that  any  of  them 
had  been  painted  from  life.  Says  tho  memoir: 

"  Signor  Peschiera  was  bound,  in  executing  the  bust  in  marble,  to  copy 
none  of  the  portraits  hitherto  published.  Nor  was  it,  therefore,  meanc 
that  he  should  model  an  ideal  head  of  the  hero,  but  that,  having  before 
him  a  true  resemblance,  not  painted  by  the  lines  of  the  designer,  but  for- 
cibly expressed  in  the  words  of  accurate  writers,  who  had  lived  with 
that  wonderful  man,  he  should  form  a  true  effigy  of  Columbus,  \yhich 
should  serve  as  a  model  for  all  future  protraits,  whose  object  should  be  to 
represent,  not  ideal  features,  but  the  real  countenance  of  the  Genoese 
hero." 

We  now  come  to  the  description  left  by  Ferdinand  Columbus,  who 
was  above  sixteen  years  of  age  when  he  lost  his  father.  "  He  was 
a  man  of  good  figure,  rather  above  the  middle  stature,  with  a  long  vis- 
age, and  rather  high  cheek  bones;  neither  fat  nor  lean;  he  had  an. aqui- 
line nose,  and  light  eyes ;  fair,  and  very  fresh  coloured.  In  his  youth  he  had 
light  hah*,  but  after  he  arrived  at  the  age  of  thirty  it  became  quite  grey." 

In  the  old  collection  entitled  Paesi  nuovamente  trovati,  reprinted  at 
Milan,  in  1512,  is  the  following  description,  taken  from  a  long  narrative 
of  a  companion  of  Columbus.  "Christopher  Columbus,  a  Genoese,  a 
man  of  tall  and  large  stature,  ruddy,  of  great  understanding,  and  long 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


SONGS. 

PAGE 

International  Hymn 9 

The  Ocean 18 

Columbian  A  uld  Lang  Syne 13 

Our  Flag 14 

National  Hymn 16 

William  and  Genette 17 

Chicago  Soliloquy 18 

Brother  Jonathan 2° 

Social  Life 22 

Chicago  Massacre 2 

Lake  Michigan 26 

The  Centennial  Year , 28 

Chicago's  Name 29 

Four  Hundred  Years  Ago 30 

Amanda  and  Le  Clair 31 

Childhood 3S 

Morning  in  Chicago 40 

To  the  Winds 41 

Chicago's  Greeting...... 42 

A  Mythological  Fable 46 

The  Stars  and  Stripes 57 

Progress 59 

To  the  Ocean 62 

Invocation  Hymn..; 63 

Flying- 65 

The  Star  of  Empire 67 

Empire's  Wave 68 

Brother  Jonathan's  Courtship 70 

Our  Country 74 

Evolution 75 

Chicago's  Trust 78 

Acrostic 81 

Poetry .' 82 

New  York's  Inaugural  Greeting 84 

Merit 85 

The  Name  of  America 87 

Burial  of  Columbus....,  ..  88 


HISTORICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

PAGE 

Homer -. 94 

Herodotus 97 

Naming  of  Europe 98 

Naming  of  Asia 99 

Naming  of  Africa 99 

Greece 100 

The  Phoenicians 100 

Egypt 101 

Alexandria 101 

Hipparchus ."  104 

Ptolemy 106 

Copernicus 1(  6 

The  Roman  Empire 108 

The  Normans 109 

Constantinople 109 

Discovery  of  Iceland 110 

Portugal Ill 

Overland  Trade  to  India Ill 

Columbus'  Discovery  of  the  New  World  113 

Death  of  Columbus 113 

John  Cabot 114 

The  St.  Die  Pamphlet 116 

Americus 117 

How  America  was  Named 117 

Schoner's  Globe 18 

Charles  V :. 118 

M creator's  Map 1  8 

Spanish  Colonies 120 

Hispaniola 120 

Balboa  Discovers  the  Pacific  Ocean 121 

Diego  Colon 121 

Pedrarias 122 

Juan  de  La  Cosa 121 

English  and  French  Colonization 124 

Decline  of  Spanish  Power 125 

The  United  States 125 


PREFACE. 


Tin-  World's  Columbian  K.\po>ition  is  designed  to  <,-i.-brate  ai: 

.   importance,  any  other  stnd\  D  of  man  that 

>rds. 

•  •nturie-,  tin-  theory   on   which  Columbus  based   his  calculations 
understood  by  philosophical  minds,  but  no  one  stepped  into  the 
crucial  arena,  pent  up  as  it  then  was.  by  religious  restrictions  and  regal 
-l  it.  till  four  hundred  years  ago,  when  the-  Imur  came  and 
tlit-  man.      Nt-v.-r  before  had  been  one  so  shackled  with  derision  in  formu- 
latii-  -.alu-d  with   praise  in  bringing  them  to  a  succ*- 

result.  or  so  victimized  with  malicious  envy,  after  others  began  to  reap 
tin-  harvest  of  his  genius,  as  Columbus. 

He  died  in  despair,  but  a  recoil  came,  to  do  honor  to  the  memory  of 
one  whose  victory  over  the  ignoble  purposes  of  mankind  was  not  less 

6  than  over  the  barriers  of  nature. 

ither  drama  nor  romance  nor  poetry  can  render  a  just  tribute  to  the 
subject  ;  but  this  is  no  reason  why  the  attempt  should  not  l>e  made  to  do 
honor  t<>  a  cause  now  en.uimiiiL:  the  attention  of  the  world, 
('hicapi.  the  -Teat  frontier  city,  in  her  youthful  fecundity,  in  t«  eniiiiur 
-  taken  UJHUI   herself  the  responsibility  of  -doin.u  this:  and 
it  h«-;ioov»-s  her  riti/ens  to  share  this  obligation.     To  this  end  the  follow- 
aiv  dtf, -red  to  the  public,  and  the  historical  );  :i  pa  living 

them,  which  the  writer  hopes  will  add  to  their  value,  and  en'iance  their 
inti-reM.  by  noting  th«-  p  :  historical  gi-ography,  and   the  scienee 

of  inap-makin.  • -p.-d  its  way  through   the  primith- 

with  (;re<-iaii  philosophy. 

The  hi-torv  of  naming  America  i>  to  b«-  told  in  this  detail. 

KUFL'S  BLANCHAKD. 


DEDICATION. 


To  you,  who  wreathed  in  laurels, green. 
For  flowing  numbers  smooth  and  keen, 
Who've  blessed  the  world  with  measured  song, 
The  right  to  praise,  and  fight  the  wrong. 


To  you,  whose  imagery  divine 

Reflect  the  passions  of  the  nine; 

To  you,  whose  lines  so  oft  inspire 

The  spirit  crushed  to  actions  higher; 

To  you,  who  make  the  higher  law 

In  justice  strong  without  a  flaw; 

To  you,  who  sound  the  passion's  depths 

That  prudence  often  intercepts; 

To  you,  who  search  the  vestal  throne 

Sacred  to  virgin  love  alone; 

To  you,  who  lift  the  shadowy  veil, 

That  covers  aught  in  man  that's  frail; 

To  you,  who  weigh  in  even  scales, 

Tenacious  that  the  truth  prevails. 

These  lines  I  have  inscribed  to  you, 

Whose  charity  is  ever  due 

To  humbler  poets,  though  their  fire 

May  fall  below  your  model  lyre. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS, 


PAGE, 

Columbus  in  Sight  of  rho  X»'\v  World        -  -         Front  i^ 

i  it  of  Columbus      -  :'. 

•Irraft's  View  of  Chira-o  in  1«'J1         -  Facing  | 

Autograph  Letter  of  Columtms  90 

Anns  of  Columbus 

An«  icnt  Ideal  Map  of  the  World 

Map  of  the  World  According  t«»  Herodotus 

Map  of  the  Dominions  of  Alexander  l«»*j 

Map  of  the  Roman  Empire  103 

Portrait  of  Ptolemy  l«r, 

Ptolemy's  Map  of  the  World  107 

Thorfin  and  Gudrida  at  Markland  Facing  p.  1 1<> 

[COB          -  .--ing  p.  1 PJ 

ring  on  CViliimbus'  Burial  Ca  114 

Marble  Slab  in  Memory  of  Columbia  at  Havana         -  ]!•"> 

p  of  Ameri 

Peter  M  Map.  i:.!l 

Cosa's  Map  of  the  Indies,  1500  ....  12 1 


mar***jU 


INTERNATIONAL  HYMN. 

Air : — "AMERICA." 
Oh  thou  who  ruFst  the  spheres 
That  roll  through  endless  years, 

To  thee  we  sing; 
To  thee  let  nations  bow 
Whose  grateful  voices  now 
Renew  the  plighted  vow, 

To  thee  our  King. 

"While  now  assembled  here 
To  celebrate  the  year 

Centennial; 

When  o'er  the  rolling  tide 
Columbus'  fleet  did  ride, 
And  joined  the  western  bride, 

Hymenial. 

The  new  world  to  the  old, 
Sealed  with  a  ring  of  gold 

In  nuptial  tie; 
Together  thence  to  live, 
And  to  each  other  give 
What  science  may  achieve, 

Or  art  supply. 
(9) 


10  COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL. 

The  world  is  our  field. 
Since  science  has  revealed 

Her  radiant  light, 
O'er  virgin  fields  to  gleam, 
And  bring  a  new  regime, 
Where  human  footsteps  teem 

In  centuries'  flight. 

Roll  on,  ye  centuries  old, 
Roll  on  through  time  untold, 

In  changing  years; 
Leaving  the  fame  behind, 
That  all  the  world  combined 
In  council  have  designed, 

By  rival  peers . 

In  all  the  arts  of  peace 
That  on  our  hands  increase, 

And  multiply, 
To  make  our  living  age 
The  minds  of  men  engage 
To  garnish  history's  page, 

Before  they  die. 

Millions  have  gone  before 
And  passed  the  open  poor, 

Of  times  demise, 
Whoso  work  was  just  be^un 
And  left  from  sire  to  son 
As  life  with  them  was  done, 
Mce. 


COLUMBIAN   MEMORIA1  1J 

That  knew  no  narrow  aim 
Nor  any  better  claim 

Upon  its  mind, 
Than  truth  and  love  reveal 
To  honor  public  weal 
With  charity  and  zeal, 

The  two  combined. 

O'er  broad  creation's  heath 
Let  the  gay  laurel  wreath 

Be  intertwined 
Around  the  manly  breast 
Whose  heart  shall  be  possessed 
Of  love  in  man's  behest, 

In  truth  divined. 

Four  centuries  now  have  fled 
Since  first  Columbus  led 

His  little  fleet 
Across  Atlantic's  tide, 
With  mystery  allied 
That  man  had  yet  defied 

From  her  retreat. 

Since  then  the  world  of  thought 
Hath  many  a  conflict  fought 

With  victory  crowned. 
Reason  alone  must  wield 
The  sceptre  and  the  shield, 
Since  science  hath  revealed 

The  ocean's  bound, 


12  COM  MI-;  i  \\    MI  M'.IM  \j,. 

P.nt  Providence  h;is  smiled 
I"  IIMFI  tin-  Western  wild, 

A  nation  horn; 
Unknown  to  man  before, 
I  IMS  spread  from  shore  to  shore, 
fVtween  two  oceans  roar, 

Still  in  its  morn. 

Born  in  a  world  anew, 
This  youthful  nation  grew 

In  strength  apace, 
Unshackled  by  the  toils 
That  older  states  encoil 
And  of  their  growth  despoil 

In  grandeur's  race. 

A  scion  from  the  tree 
That  grew  across  the  sea, 

Old  England's  shore*. 
A  rival  of  her  fame 
That  honors  still  the  name 
(  >f  her  historic  dame 

Forevenriore, 


6  and  free  ^ood  will 
<  >ur  cup  of  friendship  fill, 

And  wo  will  drink 
And  drink  and  drink  a^ain, 
With  nations  o'er  the  main, 
Till  friendship's  golden  chain 

Our  -hall  link. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  lo 

Be  thou,  O,  God  most  high, 
Exalted  to  the  sky, 

So  let  it  be; 

Be  thine  own  will  obeyed 
Through  worlds  that  thou  hast  made 
As  in  the  Heavens  displayed 

Eternally. 


THE  OCEAN. 

Air  : — "  OLD   HUNDRED." 
Within  thy  rolling  surges  laid 
The  mysteries  that  nature  made 
For  human  genius  to  reveal 
In  service  of  the  public  weal. 


COLUMBIAN  AULD  LANG  SYNE. 

Air: — "Aur/D  LANG  SYNE." 
Shall  olden  grandeurs  be  forgot 

And  never  brought  to  mind. 
And  all  their  worth  remembered  not, 

Dear  days  of  auld  lang  syne  ? 

Shall  we  forget  the  wondrous  tale 

That  poesy  has  sung 
Of  him  who  lifted  up  the  vail 

That  o'er  the  ocean  hung  ? 


14  COLUMBIAN    MKMoKlAL. 

Then  let  us  tune  our  voices  high 
To  sing  the  sweet  refrain, 

To  cherish  still,  as  centuries  fly, 
Their  glories  o'er  again. 

Forgetting  not  that  since  those  days 
The  pleasures  of  lang  syne 

Have  oft  been  sung  in  measured  lays  . 
Of  poetry  and  rhyme. 

And  when  within  the  social  spin-re 
That  crowns  our  happiest  days, 

In  auld  lang  syne  we  will  revere 
The  goody  olden  days. 

And  as  the  centuries  fly  around, 

Each  to  its  requiem, 
Then  let  Columbus'  name  be  crowned 

With  honor's  diadem. 


0[TR  FLAG. 

Air  : — "  HOMK.  SWF.FT   Hour." 
"Rer.onth  the  bi-iu-lit  skies  of  tho  beauteous  west 
hoi^e  witli  contentment  possessed, 

Where  the  oce;i  n's  soft  /.epliyrs  breathe  over  the  lea 
Tn  the  voices  of  nntur<4  in  cli;inne<l  melody; 
This  lioino  of  our  birth  tluit  BO  dearly  we  pri/o. 

•lie  earth's  brightest  jewel  heneath  her  blue  skies, 
But  silent  it  slumbered  till  Colon  arose 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  15 

And  pointed  the  way  to  its  hidden  repose; 

Kepose,  repose,  its  hidden  repose 

.On  the  breast  of  the  ocean  till  Colon  arose. 

0  give  me  a  Nation  with  young  blood  possessed 
Unshackled  with  titles  of  royal  behest 

With  muscle  of  limb  and  with  courage  of  heart 
With  genius  invested  in  science  and  art 
"  An  exile  from  home  splendor  dazzles  in  -vain," 
(.)  give  me  the  flag  of  my  country's  domain 
While  under  its  shadow  I'll  shelter  content 
And  bask  in  the  sunshine  of  freedom  unspent 
Freedom,  freedom,  of  freedom  unspent 

1  will  bask  in  the  sunshine  of  freedom  unspent. 

As  it  waves  in  the  wind  from -its  folds  may  be  seen 

The  little  red  school  house  in  beautiful  sheen; 

The  fireside  joys  of  the  family  home 

From  ocean  to  ocean,  wherever  we  roam. 

The  plowboy's  shrill  whistle  is  heard  on  the  farm, 

The  song  of  the  milkmaid  the  twilight  doth  charm, 

And  sunburnt  and  hale  is  the  husbandman's  face 

While  the  wife  and  the  daughters  in  actions  are  grace. 

Our  flag,  our  flag  from  its  standard  unfurled, 

Tho  freest  and  grandest  ere  known  in  the  world. 


COLfMBIAN    Ml  M-.KIAL. 

NATIONAL  IIVMX. 

Ail1:     "  Tin:  M.\i>i  n.i 
•  us  of  earth  awake  to  glory  ! 
Tin-  tramp  of  centuries  siiiiinions  you 
As  time  repeats  the  olden  storv 
Of  Colon  venturing  oVr  the  blue; 
Of  Colon  venturing  o'er  the  blue; 
Awake  and  eelel»rate  the  hour 
When  Colon  torn-lied  the  western  shore 
An, I  did  its  mysteries  explore 
An  !  science  crown  with  living  power 

Chorus. 

Salute,  salute  the  day, 
i-oiir  hundred  years  gone  by. 
Amen,  amen,  your  tribute  pay 
To  genius,  destiny. 

Four  hundred  years  have  wrought  their  changes, 

New  nations  have  sprung  into  life. 

While  liberty  takes  broader  range.; 

Amidst  the  din  of  battle's  strife; 

Amidst  the  din  of  battle's  strife: 

!•' rom  o'er  the  otvan  (irecian  learning 

Has  been  transplanted  to  our  land. 

Flowing  west  from  strand  to  strand, 

1'ierian  springs  are  upward  turning. 

( 'hums. 


COLUMBIAN   MEMORIAL.  17 

Flow  on,  flow  on,  ye  streams  of  science 
Till  ignorance  is  in  the  flood — 
Till  nations  rule  by  just  compliance, 
To  what  is  best  for  human  good, 
To  what  is  best  for  human  good; 
Then  every  man  shall  be  our  brother — 
Only  a  rival  in  what's  best, 
Omnipotence  will  do  the  rest 
To  cherish  interests  with  each  other. 

Chorus. 
Salute,  salute,  etc. 


WILLIAM  AND  GENETTE. 

Air : — "  BONNIE  DOON." 
'Twas  at  the  hour  of  eventide — 
A  Avitching  hour,  so  lovers  say, 
When  worldly  cares  are  laid  aside, 
And  romance  holds  the  heart  at  bay, 
When  William  chanced  to  meet  Genette 
Amidst  the  din  of  katy-dids : 
In  love  each  was  a  novice  yet, 
And  thoughts  came  up  that  tongue  forbids. 

But  in  these  toils  the  heart  takes  fire 
When  youthful  blood  is  all  aglow, 
And  music  played  on  Cupid's  lyre 
Is  tuned  to  voices  soft  and  low. 


18  COLUMKIAN    MKMOKIAL. 

While  in  this  mood  from  William's  tongue, 
There  came  some  whispers  to  the  maid, 
That  fell  upon  her  ears  among 
The  glittering  shadows  of  the  glade. 

The  day  was  set  for  them  to  wed, 
Propitious  to  their  start  in  life, 
When  William  to  the  altar  led, 
And  made  the  bashful  girl  his  wife. 
When  opened  the  Chicago  fair, 
'Midst  strains  of  music  ravishing, 
With  many  hands  assembled  there 
Their  choicest  offerings  to  bring. 

There  is  a  moral  in  this  tale, 
That  they  who  best  can  see  and  feel, 
Whos/  sentiments  and  thoughts  prevail, 
Most  to  promote  the  public  weal. 
When  Nations  meet  then  pleasures  teem, 
As  the  Columbian  fair  will  prove, 
Where  all  the  World  in  brief  regime, 
Inspires  the  sentiments  of  love. 


CHICAGO'S    SOLILOQUY   ON    HEE    CHILDHOOD. 

Air:— uTm:  OLD  OAKKN  BUCKET." 
"  How  dcai-  to  my  heart  are  the  scenes  of  my  childhood 

When  fond  recollection  recalls  them  to  view," 
The  prairie  irmsses  and  river  bank  wild  wood 

"  And  all  the  loved  scenes  that  my  infancy  knew." 


-S&^': 


I 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  19 

How  oft  bave  I  breathed  the  sweet  air  of  the  ocean, 
That   blushing  and  dimpling  my  young  form  caressed, 

The  great  inland  ocean,  forever  in  motion, 
Whose  silvery  vapor  enveloped  my  breast. 

Like  the  flash  of  a  meteor,  my  childhood  has  vanished. 

It  came  and  it  went  like  a  summer  night's  dream, 
And  swiftly  as  thought  has  maturity  banished 

The  dalliance  of  childhood  that  did  intervene. 

Good  bye  to  those  gambols,  to  come  again  never, 
Good  bye  to  the  sand  drifts  of  beautiful  sheen, 

Good  bye  to  my  swift  fleeting  childhood  forever 
That  came  with  the  dalliance  that  did  intervene. 

The  chirp  of  the  quail  in  my  ear  is  still  ringing, 

So  brief  has  it  been  since  her  callow  brood  came, 
But  briefer  the  changes  that  progress  is  bringing 

To  clothe  me  with  manhood,  and  honor  my  name. 
i 

To  clothe  me  in  manhood's  becoming  attire 

Of  urban  devices  in  towers  and  domes, 
And  sky  piercing  buildings,  that  higher  and  higher 

Rise  up  and  o'ershadow  our  beautiful  homes. 

My  ambitious  dreams  from  the  boy  to  a  peer, 
Among  the  great  cities  that  honor  the  earth 

Have  exceeded  the  measure  of  prophet  and  seer, 
And  honored  the  Kation  that  gave  to  them  birth. 

International  now  is  my  trusted  vocation, 
A  tribute  to  bring  to  the  fourth  century  past, 

That  gave  an  incentive  to  every  Nation, 
Their  laws  to"  remodel,  their  theories  recast. 


COLUMBIAN    MF.MoKIAL. 

BROTH  Kit  JONATHAN. 

AIR: — "YANKEE  DOODLK." 

Our  Jonathan  a  brother  is 

To  every  earthly  nation; 
In  peace  In-  wears  a  smiling  phiz, 

In  war  he  beats  creation. 

Oh  Jonathan,  our  brother  dear! 

We're  safe  in  your  embraces. 
We'll  drink  to  thee  a  hearty  cheer, 

( 'ontentment  in  our  faces. 

When  only  in  his  swaddling  clot. 

He  had  a  little  pop-gun; 
It  was  a  terror  to  his  1< 
Especially  his  shot-gun. 

At  Lexington  he  showed  his  teeth. 
When  first  he  pulled  the  trigger, 

And  won  his  infant  laurel  wreath 
By  cutting  such  a  figure. 

For  'twas  a  delicate  a  flair, 

To  face  the  British  lion 
While  crouching  in  his  sheltered  lair — 

( )f  royalty  the  scion. 

When  victory  the  field   had   crowned 

Along  Atlanta  .11, 

Twas  then  ambition  had  no  bound 

On  nature's  wilds  enlarging. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  21 

As  long  as  land  the  ocean  met 

On  our  Pacific  border 
And  Yankee  faces  we  ;^ ward  set, 

Annexing  was  in  order. 

Now  Jonathan  is  growing  fast, 

And  rapidly  maturing. 
Young  as  he  is  his  die  is  cast; 

His  fame  will  be  enduring. 

Forgetting  not  the  honor  due, 

While  centuries  are  flying, 
To  him  who  o'er  the  ocean  flew 

And  left  a  fame  undying. 

A  banquet  here  to  all  is  spread, 

Says  Jonathan,  in  greeting 
The  world,  by  education  bred, 

Come,  rally  at  our  meeting. 

Come,  lay  aside  your  busy  care, 

In  fellowship  assemble; 
Let  hallelujahs  rend  the  air 

Till  earth  itself  shall  tremble. 

When  next  the  century  comes  ahoy 

To  celebrate,  why  let  it 
Be  known  that  I'm  your  willing  boy 

To  help,  don't  you  forget  it. 


22  COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL. 

SOCIAL  LI  IK. 

Air  :     "Ai  i.i>  LAN.,  SYNE." 
Since  Joseph,  into  Kirypt  sold, 

A -sinned  the  royal  rrown. 
As  l>y  the  ancient  prophets  told, 

Of  Biblical  renown; 

Ne'er  came  an  episode  so  grand, 

So  sweeping  in  its  train, 
As  that  the  mind  of  Colon  planned 

To  live  through  time's  refrain. 

Genius  was  lifted  to  the  skies, 

Ambition  fired  the  heart, 
And  dormant  energies  did  rise 

To  take  an  active  part, 

In  the  amenities  of  life, 

To  social  circles  dear, 
That  in  our  day  are  blithe  and   rife 

When  friendship  is  sincere. 

Gude  auld  lang  syne  would  ne'er  have   raised 

Its  throne  in  every  heart. 
Unless  his  deeds  that  all  have  praised 

In  romance  played  a  part. 

For  romance  is  the  happiest  dream 

That  we  with  life  entwine, 
And  real  life  will  sweeter  seem 

When  mixed  with  auld  laug  syne. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  23 

The  homes  that  in  the  western  sphere. 

Through  Colon's  thought  divine, 
Grew  into  being,  ever  dear, 

And  with  them  auld  lang  syne. 


CHICAGO  MASSACEE. 

Lake  Michigan  ne'er  "  born  to  blush  unseen, 
Nor  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air,"  ' 
In  nature's  negligence  was  laid  between, 
Two  sylvan  shores,  a  tuneful  solitaire, 
Till  hither  came  the  watchful  pioneer, 
To  reconnoiter  on  the  wild  frontier. 

Here  was  an  Empire  held  in  nature's  hands, 
A  wilderness  of  waves  and  fallow  lands, 
Peopled  with  native  tribes  who  ne'er  had  known, 
The  servile  homage,  due  a  regal  throne. 

These  braves  were  pleased,  when  first  the  pale  face  came, 
To  smoke  the  Calumet,  and  share  their  game; 
And  when  Fort  Dearborn  stood  upon  their  shore, 
'Twas  just  a  trading  post  and  nothing  more. 
Thus  to  its  gate  their  offerings  they  brought, 
And  blankets,  guns  and  fire-water  bought. 

These  friendships  sometimes  grew  by  social  tic, 
And  Cupid's  darts  from  charmed  quivers  fly, 
For  Eros  may  invade  the  color  line, 
To  lend  variety  to  love's  design. 


24  OOLl    Ml'.l  V  N     Ml 

Thus  smoothly  run  these  »Touves  of  harmony, 
When  suddenly  there  came  tVoui  o'er  tin-  W 
<  )f  war's  alarms,  the  distant    hattle  cry. 
Whose  echoes  wafted  through  a  frowning  sky. 

'Twas  Jonathan  and  .Johnny   Hull,  at  odds, 
Kaeli  had  unloosed  of  war  the  spiteful  dogs; 
*  Each  vied  with  each,  their  suhtle  arts  to  ply, 
To  priii  the  Indian  bra  VPS  for  his  ally. 

In  this  attempt  our  fathers  p>t  the  I 

And  Indian  war-whoops  ran^  throughout  the  West, 

Tecmnseh  came  to  bp  a  bripidier, 

And  honored  well  his  epaulets  'tis  clear. 

Hull  at  Detroit  was  pressed  by  Proctors  fleet, 
And  (ieneral  Tecuiuseh  cut  off  his  retreat. 
IVndinir  this  interim  of  dread  suspense. 
Retreat  was  ordered  from  Fort  Dearborn,  whence 
Left  Its  garrison  alon«r  the  shore, 

When  suddenly  the  braves  a  volley  pour 
Into  their  ranks,  and  now  the  drifting  sand 
Was  stained  witli  bloody  conflicts, hand  to  hand, 
A  proof  which  side  the  Indians  had  espoused, 
Shown  in  their  flights  of  an^er.  so  aroused. 

Though  overwhelming  numbers  take  the  iield, 
The  pi  Ma  nt  soldiers  still    refuse  to  yield; 
In  vain  they  charp'  upon  the  swarthy  foe, 
In  vain  their  little  band  <rive  blow  for  blow. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  25 

Now  dashes  Captain  Wells  along  the  front, 
And  in  the  bloody  battle  shares  the  brunt, 
And  ev'n  the  women  from  the  sheltered  rear — 
Intent  on  victory,  and  unknown  to  fear, 
Fight  bravely  as  the  men,  the  day  to  save, 
And  shield  their  children  from  a  soldier's  grave. 

Thus  Mrs.  Holt,  while  mounted  on  her  steed, 
Honored  the  field  by  many  a  valorous  deed, 
Brave  woman !     Shouted  the  admiring  foe, 
Who  inadvertently  their  praise  bestow, 
As  she  so  bravely  struck  from  side  to  side, 
And  right  and  left  the  enemy  defied. 

'Twas  now  amidst  the  war-whoop's  awful  sound, 
The  unloosed  darts  of  Cupid  fly  around; 
Black  Partridge — a  bold  and  honored  chief, 
Whose  savage  breast  essayed  to  find  relief; 
Behold  him  quickly  seize  his  charming  fair 
While  writhing  in  the  tortures  of  despair, 

And  in  this  mood  he  bore  her  trembling  frame 

To  Michigan's  waves,  and  there  confessed  his  flame, 

Love  thus  disguised,  by  outward  show  to  drown, 

Gave  this  aspiring  chief  deserved  renown, 

Since  notwithstanding  his  rejected  plight, 

He  still  protected  his  fair  captive's  right. 

For  sure  it  was  no  crime  for  him  to  love, 
If  honor's  bonds  his  fruitless  suit  approve, 
And  let  us  not  forget  that  nature's  creed 
Makes  no  distinctions  whither  love  may  lead. 


COLUMBIAN    MKMoRIAL. 

No  Mush  would  ripple  o'er  an  Indian  face, 

Though  brought  before  tin-  mightiest  SON ereign  grace; 

The  captive  lived  to  memorize  tin-  day 

On  history's  page  to  live  through  time's  decay. 


LAKE  MICHIGAN. 

Our  beautiful  inland  sea, 

Our  beautiful  inland  sea. 
When  shines  the  sun   o'er  its  billowy  breast, 
Reflecting  tints  fron  its  shadowy  crest, 
In  rainbow  colors  o'er  the  main, 
Vanishing  but  to  live  again, 

All  over  the  deep,  all  over  the  deep, 

All  over  the  deep  blue  sea. 

When  blows  the  swelling  breeze, 

When  blows  the  swelling  bn 
Pressing  the  sail  of  the  swimming  keel, 
That  through  the  limpid  waters  reel, 
And  the  shining  shore,  the  billows  lave, 
That  smooth  and  white  the  pebbles  pave. 

From  over  the  deep,  from  over  the  deep, 

From  over  the  deep  blue  sea. 

When  shines  the  yellow  moon, 
When  shines  the  yellow  moon, 
Sputtering  bright  its  golden  hue 
In  glittering  streaks  before  <>ur  view, 


COLUMBIAN   MEMORIAL.  27 

That  tender  thoughts  our  heart  inspire 
Of  her  at  home  we  most  admire, 

While  over  the  deep,  while  over  the  deep, 

While  over  the  deep  blue  sea. 

Along  its  rolling  lea, 

Along  its  rolling  lea, 
Chicago  stands  a  peerless  queen 
Twixt  land  and  sea  to  intervene, 
Her  rising  towers  and  shining  domes 
O'er  shadowing  her  happy  homes 

Beside  the  sea,  beside  the  sea, 

Beside  the  deep  blue  sea. 

We  invite  you  all  to  come, 

We  invite  you  all  to  come, 
Come  to  the  honored  World's  Fair  here, 
That's  held  in  the  four  hundredth  year; 
Since  westward  came  the  Genoese 
The  ocean  secrets  to  release, 

From  over  the  sea,  from  over  the  sea, 

From  over  the  deep  blue  sea. 


28  I   Mia  \N     Ml  MOKIAI.. 

TIIK  CENTENNIAL  VKAU. 

Air:      "  TIIK  STAR  SI-AM, I.I.D  UANNKH/' 

Oil.  say.  what    has  caused  sucli  ;i  grateful  emotion 
Throughout  every  hind  that  lies  over  the  ocean, 
From  the   Aivtic  confines,  to  the  sunnier  clii 
To  tin-  eaiise  of  our  trust,  comes  the  voice  of  devotion. 

the  centennial  year  that   we  celebrate  here. 
The  date  that  <:ave  hirth  to  the  new  heinisph- 

And  proudly  our  banners  in  triumph  we'll  raise.  /  j>      ,lt 

The  fame  of  Columbus  to  honor  and  prai^-. 

Let  our  trihntes  he  paid  to  the  glories,  then  castinir 
Their  shadows  before  them,  in  <rrandenrs  so  lasting 
"With  the  voice  of  the  Nations,  with  hearty  ovati- 
The  world's  handiwork,  in  convention  contrasting 
In  the  centennial  year  that  is  ever  held,  dear. 
While  science  pervades  the  terrestrial  sphere 
With  the  flairs  of  all  Nations   in  union    united,  / 
In  the  interests  of  peace,  in  fidelity  plighted.     * 

The  fla^-s  of  all  Nations  o'er  the  ocean  are  streaming. 
And  the  li^-lit  of  proud  science  is  everywhere  ti-leaininir. 
The  mind's  on  a  strain,  by  invention  to  ^ain 

v    triumphs  in  science,  for    which  the  world's  dn  aminir. 
While  the  centennial  year,  we  in  honor  revere 
With  its  glories  rellected.  through  times  old   anvar. 
Then  let  all  our  banners  he  thrown  to  the  bree/.e.  »   ,,(    ^  it  . 
(  Mir  guests  to  bid  welcome  from  over  the  seas.       ) 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  29 

CHICAGO'S  NAME. 

Chicago  thy  name  is  venerable  with  years, 
So  say  traditions  from  the  red  man's  tongue — 

Inherited  from  olden  time's  arrears, 

That  in  their  vortex  have  the  centuries  flung. 

When  Romulus  and  Remus  sustenance  drew 
From  Lupus'  hairy  but  maternal  breast, 

Who  ne'er  the  lullaby  of  mothers  knew 
To  hush  their  heroic  infancy  to  rest; 

In  speculation's  fancy,  we  may  say, 

That  even  then  the  Indian  warrior  braves, 

Ornate  with  paint,  and  plumed  with  feathers  gay, 
Paddled  their  barks  along  the  rippling  waves, 

That  washed  the  shore,  where  now  Chicago  stands; 

And  here  the  lassie  gave  her  nuptial  plight 
Under  the  stars  upon  the  drifting  sands, 

To  her  liege  lord  beneath  their  twinkling  light. 

While  promising  in  troth,  through  good  or  ills, 
To  be  his  faithful  squaw,  and  share  his  fate, 

And  neatly  ornament  with  porcupine  quills 
The  buckskin  leggins  of  her  lordly  mate. 

Here  by  the  river  side  luxuriant  grew 
The  onion  wild,  the  tangled  grass  among, 

Named  by  these  ancient  tenants,  Chicagou, 

Time  honored  thus,  the  name  from  nature  sprung. 


30  COU'M  P.IAN     MI.MnniAL. 

I  OIU  HUNDRED  YEARS  AGO. 

Hetween  two  oceans  everlasting  tides, 

Through  valleys,  ]>lains  and  lofty  mountainsides 

The  Indian  lived,  and  only  God  he  knew, 

As  the  givat  spirit  —  his  kind  Manitou; 

Clear  \vere  the  Heavens,  Ghezhigneen  wateen,* 

Was  his  Hosanna,  with  a  conscience  clean, 

Kind  Heavens  reward,  through  goodness  here  below 

W;is  his  firm  faith,  four  hundred  years 


The  shining  rivers  seamed  the  forest  then, 

The  morning  zephyrs  whispered  through  the  glen, 

And  midst  the  amplitudes  of  nature's  smiles 

The  native  in  his  sports  the  time  beguiles 

In  listless  musing,  in  the  narrow  field, 

That  nature  parsimoniously  had  revealed, 

And  limited  for  him  to  see  and  know 

As  best  he  could,  four  hundred  years  ago. 

In  Europe,  regal  reign  by  right  divine 

Fulfilled  the  measure  of  each  king's  design, 

And  second  only  to  a  papal  gown 

Was  regal  power,  from  beneath  a  crown; 

For  sure  a  leverage  beyond  the  skies 

Made  aught  on  earth  to  it  a  saerilir 

And  this  sharp  line  between  the  high  and  low, 

In  Kin-ope  sio«»d,  four  hundred  years  ago. 


In  the  Algonquin  language,  "  My  sky  is  clear.' 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  31 

The  longest  lane  may  lastly  take  a  turn, 

The  smothered  fires  of  thought  are  bound  to  burn, 

Nature's  enchanted  voice  is  never  dead 

When,  by  the  heart's  desire  its  fires  are  fed. 

Then  superstition's  rubbish  must  be  burned 

Till  evolutions  destined  wheel  is  turned, 

And  truth  has  triumphed  over  every  foe 

As  Europe  showed,  four  hundred  years  ago. 

To  thee  Columbus  is  the  honor  due, 
Whose  cosmic  thought  imparted  light  anew 
To  pioneer  the  way  o'er  western  seas, 
To  reach  the  rolling  globe's  antipodes; 
And  in  your  path  has  Empire's  rising  star 
To  Europe  waved  a  welcome  from  afar, 
And  while  the  west  reflects  its  dazzling  glow 
We'll  sing  thy  worth,  four  hundred  years  ago. 


AMANDA  AND  LE  CLAIR. 

A  ROMANCE. 

'Twas  in  the  summer  morning  haze. 

The  shadows  shorter  growing; 
The  flocks  were  on  the  hills  to  graze, 

The  boys  the  corn  were  hoeing, 

The  forests  clad  in  living  green, 

In  emerald  colors  vernal, 
The  brooks  were  babbling  through  the  sheen 

In  nature's  voice  eternal, 


I   MIIIA.N 

The  clover  reddened  broad  the  ht-ath, 
The  fern  adorned  the  valley, 

AVhile  nature's  evanescent    wreath 
AVith  summer's  hues  kept  tally. 

Amanda  sat  beside  her  wheel. 

Ilei-  loot  was  on  the  treadle. 
And  lively  rocked  her  limber  heel 

To  win  the  silver  medal. 

The  case  was  this,  a  medal  rare 

( )t  sterling  silver  metal, 
Had  just  been  offered  by  Le  ('lair 

To  her  who  flew  the  shuttle. 

A  linen  towel   was  the  strife, 
To  see  who  best  could  make  it, 

From  flax  around  the  distaff  rife, 
As  buzzing  spindles  take  it. 

Amanda  pondered  in  her  heart 
The  prize,  but  more  the  giver, 

A  rustic  youth  of  iruileless  art, 
Unused  to  Cupid's  quiver. 

At  least,  the  bashful  youth  had  ne'er 
Kmbarked  on  love's  wild  ocean, 

On  which  his  novice  bark  to  steer, 
To  coiujuer  by  devotion. 

Not  so  witli  sweet  Amaiula's  heart, 

For  she  with   love's  ideal 
Was  plyiiiLi  all  her  winning  art 
To  make  the  romance  real. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL. 

And  thinking  over  in  her  mind, 
While  swift  the  wheel  was  running, 

A  neat  device,  unique  in  kind, 
If  wrought  by  fingers  cunning, 

To  weave  the  name  of  young  Le  Clair 

Into  the  web  of  linen, 
With  deftly  color,  debonair, 

In  threads  that  she  was  spinning. 

Invention  now  was  on  the  rack 
To  make  her  scheme  alluring; 

But  she  was  good  at  bric-a-brac, 
With  love  new  plans  maturing. 

A  happy  thought  now  crossed  her  brain, 
'Twas  of  her  crimson  liowing; 

To  lance  her  arm,  be  love  the  pain, 
And  draw  a  color  glowing. 

'Twas  Eros  who  inspired  this  thought, 
Meanwhile  the  maid  assured, 

That  blood  would  win  the  object  sought 
By  this  device  allured. 

The  thread  thus  dipped  in  sanguine  dye 
Was  coiled  within  the  shuttle, 

The  reed  was  set  to  weave  the  ply, 
Her  foot  was  on  the  treadle. 

But  while  she  sat  beside  the  loom, 

To  weave  the  loving  token, 
Le  Clair  came  gently  in  the  room, 

She  blushed,  but  naught  was  spoken, 


COLOMBIAN    MEMORIAL. 

And  threw  her  apron  on  the  woof, 
In  which  his  name  was  blended, 

But  not  quite  quick  enough  forsooth, 
To  hide  what  she  intended. 

And  now  they  each  in  concert  blush, 

And  each  became  embarrassed, 
Eacli  lirurt  beat  loud,  each  tongue  was  hush, 

AVhile  eyes  could  talk  though  harassed. 

The  day  was  set  for  them  to  wed, 

I  wonder  they  could  do  it, 
And  soon  he  to  the  altar  led 

The  maid,  and  not  to  rue  it. 

"Who  now  the  silver  medal  took 

Was  but  a  question  trivial; 
Amanda  with  contentment's  look 

Said  give  it  to  my  rival. 

Not  for  your  heart,  my  dear  Le  Clair, 

The  happy  bride  insisted, 
1  never  had  a  rival  there 

Ere  you  and  I  enlisted. 

Long  years  since  in  their  graves  did  rest 

The  pair  that  thus  united. 
A  grandchild  who  the  gem  possessed, 

From  which  their  vows  were  plighted 

Displayed  it  at  Chicago's  fair, 

To  show  the  world  a  sample 
Of  handiwork,  to  late  compare 

In  rivalry's  example; 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  19 

How  oft  bave  I  breathed  tbe  sweet  air  of  tbe  ocean, 
Tbat   blusbing  and  dimpling  my  young  form  caressed, 

The  great  inland  ocean,  forever  in  motion, 
Whose  silvery  vapor  enveloped  my  breast. 

Like  the  flash  of  a  meteor,  my  childhood  has  vanished. 

It  came  and  it  went  like  a  summer  night's  dream, 
And  swiftly  as  thought  has  maturity  banished 

The  dalliance  of  childhood  that  did  intervene. 

Good  bye  to  those  gambols,  to  come  again  never, 
Good  bye  to  the  sand  drifts  of  beautiful  sheen, 

Good  bye  to  my  swift  fleeting  childhood  forever 
That  came  with  the  dalliance  that  did  intervene. 

The  chirp  of  the  quail  in  my  ear  is  still  ringing, 
So  brief  has  it  been  since  her  callow  brood  came, 

But  briefer  the  changes  that  progress  is  bringing 
To  clothe  me  with  manhood,  and  honor  my  name. 

To  clothe  me  in  manhood's  becoming  attire 

Of  urban  devices  in  towers  and  domes, 
And  sky  piercing  buildings,  that  higher  and  higher 

Rise  up  and  o'ershadow  our  beautiful  homes. 

My  ambitious  dreams  from  the  boy  to  a  peer, 
Among  the  great  cities  that  honor  the  earth 

Have  exceeded  the  measure  of  prophet  and  seer, 
And  honored  the  Nation  that  gave  to  them  birth. 

International  now  is  my  trusted  vocation, 
A  tribute  to  bring  to  the  fourth  century  past, 

That  gave  an  incentive  to  every  Nation, 
Their  laws  to  remodel,  their  theories  recast. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL. 

imoTHKK  JONATHAN. 

AIR  :  —  "  YANKEE  DOODLE." 

Our  Jonathan  a  brother  is 

To  every  earthly  nation; 
In  peace  he  wears  a  smiling  phiz, 

In  war  he  beats  creation. 

Oh  Jonathan,  our  brother  dear  ! 

We're  safe  in  your  embraces. 
We'll  drink  to  thee  a  In-arty  cheer, 

Contentment  in  our  faces. 

When  only  in  his  swaddling  clothes 

He  had  a  little  pop-gun; 
It  was  a  terror  to  his  foes, 

Especially  his  shot-gun. 

At  Lexington  he  showed  his  teeth, 
When  first  he  pulled  the  triij 

And  won  liis  infant  laurel  wreath 
Uy  cutting  such  -i  figure. 

For  'twas  a  delicate  a  Hair, 

To  face  the  British  lion 
While  crouching  in  his  sheltered  lair 

Of  roalt     the  scion. 


\  ietory  the   field    had 
Along  Atlantic's  margin, 
Twas  then  ambition  had  no  bound 
On  nature's  wilds  enlarging. 


COLUMBIAN   MEMORIAL.  21 

As  long  as  land  the  ocean  met 

On  our  Pacific  border 
And  Yankee  faces  we  vi \vard  set, 

Annexing  was  in  order. 

Now  Jonathan  is  growing  fast, 

And  rapidly  maturing. 
Young  as  he  is  his  die  is  cast; 

His  fame  will  be  enduring. 

Forgetting  not  the  honor  due, 

While  centuries  are  flying, 
To  him  who  o'er  the  ocean  flew 

And  left  a  fame  undying. 

A  banquet  here  to  all  is  spread, 

Says  Jonathan,  in  greeting 
The  world,  by  education  bred, 

Come,  rally  at  our  meeting. 

Come,  lay  aside  your  busy  care, 

In  fellowship  assemble; 
Let  hallelujahs  rend  the  air 

Till  earth  itself  shall  tremble. 

When  next  the  century  comes  ahoy 

To  celebrate,  why  let  it 
Be  known  that  I'm  your  willing  boy 

To  help,  don't  you  forget  it. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL. 

«  \{  '  I    \  F       I    I  IV  I/ 
DUvyl-A-lj    IjLr  Hi. 

Air  :     "Ari.n  LAN.,  S\  \E." 
Since  Joseph,  into  K-ypl    -old, 

Assumed  the  royal  crown, 
As  by  the  ancient  prophets  told, 

Of  Biblical  renown; 

Ne'er  came  an  episode  so  grand, 

So  sweeping  in  its  train, 
As  that  the  mind  of  Colon  planned 

To  live  through  time's  refrain. 

Genius  was  lifted  to  the  skies, 

Ambition  fired  the  heart. 
And  dormant  energies  did  rise 

To  take  an  active  part, 

In  the  amenities  of  life, 

To  social  circles  dear, 
That  in  our  day  are  blithe  and    rife 

When  friendship  is  sincere. 

Gude  auld  lang  syne  would  ne'er   have   raised 

Its  throne  in  every  heart. 
Unless  his  deeds  that  all  have  praised 

In  romance  played  a  part, 

For  romance  is  the  happiest  dream 

That  we  with  life  entwine, 
And  real  life  will  sweeter  seem 

When  mixed  with  auld  laiii:  ^\  lie.     - 


COLUMBIAN   MEMORIAL.  23 

The  homes  that  in  the  western  sphere. 

Through  Colon's  thought  divine, 
Grew  into  being,  ever  dear, 

And  with  them  auld  lang  syne. 


CHICAGO  MASSACEE. 

Lake  Michigan  ne'er  "  born  to  blush  unseen, 
Xor  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air," 
In  nature's  negligence  was  laid  between, 
Two  sylvan  shores,  a  tuneful  solitaire, 
Till  hither  came  the  watchful  pioneer, 
To  reconnoiter  on  the  wild  frontier. 

Here  was  an  Empire  held  in  nature's  hands, 
A  wilderness  of  waves  and  fallow  lands, 
Peopled  with  native  tribes  who  ne'er  had  known, 
The  servile  homage,  due  a  regal  throne. 

These  braves  were  pleased,  when  first  the  pale  face  came, 
To  smoke  the  Calumet,  and  share  their  game; 
And  when  Fort  Dearborn  stood  upon  their  shore, 
'Twas  just  a  trading  post  and  nothing  more. 
Thus  to  its  gate  their  oiferings  they  brought, 
And  blankets,  guns  and  fire-water  bought. 

These  friendships  sometimes  grew  by  social  tie, 
And  Cupid's  darts  from  charmed  quivers  fly, 
For  Eros  may  invade  the  color  line, 
To  lend  variety  to  love's  design. 


•Jt  OOLTOiBI  \\   MI  MORTAL. 

Thus  smoothly  ran  these  grooves  of  harmony, 
When  suddenly  there  c;im<-  from  o'er  the  sea, 
Of  war's  alarms,  tin-  distant    battle  cry, 
Whose  echoes  wafted  through  a  frowning  sky. 

'Twas  Jonathan  and  Johnny   Hull,  at  odds, 
Kaeh  had  unloosed  of  war  the  spiteful  dogs; 
Each  vied  with  eaeh.  their  subtle  arts  to  ply, 
To  gain  the  Indian  braves  for  his  ally. 

In  this  attempt  our  fathers  got  the  best. 

And  Indian  war-whoops  rang  throughout  the  West, 

Tecumseh  came  to  be  a  brigadier, 

And  honored  well  his  epaulets  'tis  clear. 

Hull  at  Detroit  was  pressed  by  Proctor's  fleet, 
And  General  Tecumseh  cut  oif  his  retreat. 
Pending  this  interim  of  dread  suspense. 
Retreat  was  ordered  from  Fort  Dearborn,  whence 
Left  its  garrison  along  the  shore, 

When  suddenly  the  braves  a  volley  pour 
Into  their  ranks,  and  now  the  drifting  sand 
Was  stained  with  bloody  conflicts,  hand  to  hand. 
A  proof  which  side  the  Indians  had  espoused, 
Shown  in  their  flights  of  an^er.  so  aroused. 

Though  overwhelming  numbers  take  the  Held, 
The  gallant  soldiers  still    refuse  to  yield; 
In  vain  they  charge  upon  the  swarthy  foe, 
In  vain  their  little  band  give  blow  for  blow. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  25 

Now  dashes  Captain  Wells  along  the  front, 
And  in  the  bloody  battle  shares  the  brunt, 
And  ev'n  the  women  from  the  sheltered  rear — 
Intent  on  victory,  and  unknown  to  fear, 
Fight  bravely  as  the  men,  the  day  to  save, 
And  shield  their  children  from  a  soldier's  grave. 

Thus  Mrs.  Holt,  while  mounted  on  her  steed, 
Honored  the  field  by  many  a  valorous  deed, 
Brave  woman !     Shouted  the  admiring  foe, 
Who  inadvertently  their  praise  bestow, 
As  she  so  bravely  struck  from  side  to  side, 
And  right  and  left  the  enemy  defied. 

'Twas  now  amidst  the  war-whoop's  awful  sound, 
The  unloosed  darts  of  Cupid  fly  around; 
Black  Partridge — a  bold  and  honored  chief, 
Whose  savage  breast  essayed  to  find  relief; 
Behold  him  quickly  seize  his  charming  fair 
While  writhing  in  the  tortures  of  despair, 

And  in  this  mood  he  bore  her  trembling  frame 

To  Michigan's  waves,  and  there  confessed  his  flame, 

Love  thus  disguised,  by  outward  show  to  drown, 

Gave  this  aspiring  chief  deserved  renown, 

Since  notwithstanding  his  rejected  plight, 

lie  still  protected  his  fair  captive's  right. 

For  sure  it  was  no  crime  for  him  to  love, 
If  honor's  bonds  his  fruitless  suit  approve, 
And  let  us  not  forget  that  nature's  creed 
Makes  no  distinctions  whither  love  may  lead. 


MI: IAN   MK  MORTAL. 


No  Mush  would  ripple  o'er  an  Indian  face, 
Though  brought  before  the  mightiest  sovereign  «j; 
The  captive  lived  to  memori/e  the  day 
( >n  history's  page  to  live  through  time's  decay. 


LAKE  MICHIGAN. 

Our  beautiful  inland  sea, 

Our  beautiful  inland  sea, 
When  shines  the  sun   o'er  its  billowy  breast, 
Reflecting  tints  fron  its  shadowy  crest, 
In  rainbow  colors  o'er  the  main, 
Vanishing  but  to  live  again, 

All  over  the  deep,  all  over  the  deep, 

All  over  the  deep  blue  sea. 

When  blows  the  swelling  breeze. 

When  blows  the  swelling  bree/e. 
Pressing  the  sail  of  the  swimming  keel, 
That  through  the  limpid  waters  reel, 
And  the  shining  shore,  the  billows  lave, 
That  smooth  and  white  the  pebbles  pave. 

From  over  the  deep,  from  over  the  deep, 

l-'roin  over  the  deep  blue  sea. 

When  shines  the  yelluw  moon, 
When  shines  the  yellow  moon, 
Spattering  bright  its  golden  hue 
In  glitteriiiLT  streaks  be  lore  our  view, 


COLUMBIAN   MEMORIAL.  27 

That  tender  thoughts  our  heart  inspire 
Of  her  at  home  we  most  admire. 

While  over  the  deep,  while  over  the  deep, 

While  over  the  deep  blue  sea. 

Along  its  rolling  lea, 

Along  its  rolling  lea, 
Chicago  stands  a  peerless  queen 
Twixt  land  and  sea  to  intervene, 
Her  rising  towers  and  shining  domes 
O'er  shadowing  her  happy  homes 

Beside  the  sea,  beside  the  sea, 

Beside  the  deep  blue  sea. 

We  invite  you  all  to  come, 

We  invite  you  all  to  come, 
Come  to  the  honored  World's  Fair  here, 
That's  held  in  the  four  hundredth  year; 
Since  westward  came  the  Genoese 
The  ocean  secrets  to  release, 

From  over  the  sea,  from  over  the  sea, 

From  over  the  deep  blue  sea. 


28  IttMOMAL. 

TIIK  <  KNTKNNIAL   YKAR. 

Air:--"  TIN-:  STAR  SI-AN<,U:I>  HANM-.I:." 

Oh.  say.  what   lias  caused  such  a  grateful  emotion 

Thi'oughout  every  laud  that  lies  over  the  ocean, 

Fnmi  the   Arctic  confines,  to  the  sunnier  climes, 

To  the  cause  of  our  trust,  comes  the  voice  of  devotion. 

"Pis  the  centennial  year  that  we  celebrate  here. 

The  date  that  <r;,Ve  birth  to  the  new  hemisphere; 

And  proudly  our  banners  in  triumph  we'll  raise,  /  y>0p0at 

The  fame  of  ( 'olumbus  to  honor  and  praise.        * 

Let  our  tributes  ho  paid  to  the  glories,  then  casting 
Their  shadows  before  them,  in  grandeurs  so  lasting 
With  the  voice  of  the  Nations,  with  hearty  ovations, 
The  world's  handiwork,  in  convention  contrasting 
In  the  centennial  year  that  is  ever  held.  dear. 
While  science  pervades  the  terrestrial  sphere 
With  the  flags  of  all  Nations   in  union   united,  t 
In  the  interests  of  peace,  in  fidelity  plighted.      ' 

The  flags  of  all  Nations  o'er  the  ocean  are  stream  in. "\ 
Aud  the  light  of  proud  science  is  everywhere  gleaminir. 
The  mind's  on  a  strain,  by  invention  to  gain 

v    triumphs  in  science,  for    which  the  world's  dreaming, 
While  the  centennial  year,  we  in  honor  revere 
With  its  glories  reflected,  through  times  old   arrear. 
Then  let  all  our  banners  be  tin-own  to  the  lnve/.e.  -    .  (< 
Our  guests  to  bid  welcome  from  over  the  seas.       ) 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  29 

CHICAGO'S  NAME. 

Chicago  thy  name  is  venerable  with  years, 
So  say  traditions  from  the  red  man's  tongue — 

Inherited  from  olden  time's  arrears, 

That  in  their  vortex  have  the  centuries  flung. 

When  Romulus  and  Remus  sustenance  drew 
From  Lupus'  hairy  but  maternal  breast, 

Who  ne'er  the  lullaby  of  mothers  knew 
To  hush  their  heroic  infancy  to  rest; 

In  speculation's  fancy,  we  may  say, 

That  even  then  the  Indian  warrior  braves. 

Ornate  with  paint,  and  plumed  with  feathers  gay, 
Paddled  their  barks  along  the  rippling  waves, 

That  washed  the  shore,  where  now  Chicago  stands; 

And  here  the  lassie  gave  her  nuptial  plight 
Under  the  stars  upon  the  drifting  sands, 

To  her  liege  lord  beneath  their  twinkling  light. 

While  promising  in  troth,  through  good  or  ills, 
To  be  his  faithful  squaw,  and  share  his  fate, 

And  neatly  ornament  with  porcupine  quills 
The  buckskin  leggins  of  her  lordly  mate. 

Here  by  the  river  side  luxuriant  grew 
The  onion  wild,  the  tangled  grass  among, 

Named  by  these  ancient  tenants,  Chicagou, 

Time  honored  thus,  the  name  from  nature  sprung. 


30  COM'  Mill  AX 

HUNDIJKI)  YEARS  AGO. 


two  oceans  everlasting  tides, 
gh  valleys,  plains  and  lofty  mountainsides 
The  Indian  lived,  and  only  God  he  knew, 
As  the  Hi-cat  spirit  —  his  kind  Manitou; 
rl«-ar  were  the  Heavens,  Ghezhigneen  wateen,* 
Was  his  Hosanna,  with  a  conscience  clean, 
Kind  Heavens  reward,  through  goodness  here 
Was  his  firm  faith,  four  hundred  years  ago, 

The  shining  rivers  seamed  the  forest  then, 
The  morning  zephyrs  whispered  through  the  glen, 
And  midst  the  amplitudes  of  nature's  smiles, 
The  native  in  his  sports  the  time  beguiles 
In  listless  musing,  in  the  narrow  field, 
That  nature  parsimoniously  had  revealed, 
And  limited  for  him  to  see  and  know 
\>  b.-st  he  could,  four  hundred  years  ago. 

In  Europe,"  regal  reign  by  right  divine 
Fulfilled  the  measure  of  each  king's  design, 
And  second  only  to  a  papal  gown 
Was  regal  power,  from  beneath  a  crown; 

F»»r  sure  a  leverage  beyond  the  skies 

Made  aught  on  earth  to  it  a   sarrilier; 

And  this  sharp  line  between  the  high  and  low, 

In  Europe  stood,   four  hundred  years  ago. 


*  In  the  Algonquin  language,  "  My  sky  Is  clear.' 


COLUMBIAN    MEMOEIAL.  31 

The  longest  lane  may  lastly  take  a  turn, 

The  smothered  fires  of  thought  are  bound  to  burn, 

Nature's  enchanted  voice  is  never  dead 

When,  by  the  heart's  desire  its  fires  are  fed. 

Then  superstition's  rubbish  must  be  burned 

Till  evolutions  destined  Avheel  is  turned, 

And  truth  has  triumphed  over  every  foe 

As  Europe  showed,  four  hundred  years  ago. 

To  thee  Columbus  is  the  honor  due, 
Whose  cosmic  thought  imparted  light  anew 
To  pioneer  the  way  o'er  western  seas, 
To  reach  the  rolling  globe's  antipodes; 
And  in  your  path  has  Empire's  rising  star 
To  Europe  Avaved  a  welcome  from  afar, 
And  while  the  west  reflects  its  dazzling  glow 
We'll  sing  thy  worth,  four  hundred  years  ago. 


AMANDA  AND  LE  CLAIR. 

A  ROMANCE. 

'Twas  in  the  summer  morning  haze. 

The  shadows  shorter  growing; 
The  flocks  were  on  the  hills  to  graze, 

The  boys  the  corn  were  hoeing, 

The  forests  clad  in  living  green, 

In  emerald  colors  vernal. 
The  brooks  were  babbling  through  the  sheen 

In  nature's  voice  eternal, 


Tilt-  clover  reddened    broad   tin-  heath, 

The  fern  adorned  the  valley, 
While  nature's  e\  am-scent    wreath 
With  summer's  hues  kept  tally. 

Amanda  sat   beside  her  wheel. 
Her  foot  was  on  the  treadle. 
And  lively  rocked  her  limber  heel 
To  win  the  silver  medal. 

The  case  was  this,  a  medal  rare 

(  )!'  sterling  silver  metal. 
JIad  just  heen  oil  e  red  by  Le  Clair 

To  her  who  flew  the  shuttle. 

A  linen  towel   was  the  strife, 
To  see  who  best  could  make  it, 

From  llax  around  thedistatf  rife, 
AJ  bu//ino-  spindles  take  it. 

Amanda  jjondered  in  her  heart 
The  prize,  but  more  the  giver, 

A  rustic  youth  of  ^uilelos  art, 
Unused  to  Cupid's  (juiver. 

At  least,  the  bashful  youth  had  ne'er 

Embarked  on  love's  wild  ocean. 
On  which  his  no\  ice  hark  to  steer, 
To  comjuer  by  de\..tiun. 

Not  SO  with  Amanda's  heart, 

For  she  with  love's  ideal 

all  her  winning  ait 
make  the  romance  real. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  33 

And  thinking  over  in  her  mind, 

While  swift  the  wheel  was  running, 
A  neat  device,  unique  in  kind, 

If  wrought  by  fingers  cunning, 

To  weave  the  name  of  young  Le  Clair 

Into  the  web  of  linen, 
With  deftly  color,  debonair, 

In  threads  that  she  was  spinning. 

Invention  now  was  on  the  rack 

To  make  her  scheme  alluring; 
But  she  was  good  at  bric-a-brac, 

With  love  new  plans  maturing. 

A  happy  thought  now  crossed  her  brain, 

'Twas  of  her  crimson  flowing; 
To  lance  her  arm,  be  love  the  pain, 

And  draw  a  color  glowing. 

'Twas  Eros  who  inspired  this  thought, 

Meanwhile  the  maid  assured, 
That  blood  would  win  the  object  sought 

By  this  device  allured. 

The  thread  thus  dipped  in  sanguine  dye 

Was  coiled  within  the  shuttle, 
The  reed  was  set  to  weave  the  ply, 

Her  foot  was  on  the  treadle. 

But  while  she  sat  beside  the  loom, 

To  weave  the  loving  token, 
Le  Clair  came  gently  in  the  room, 

She  blushed,  but  naught  was  spoken, 


COLOMBIAN   MEMORIAL. 

And  threw  her  apron  on  the  woof, 
In  which  his  name  was  blended, 

But  not  quite  quick  enough  forsooth, 
To  hide  what  she  intended. 

And  now  they  each  in  concert  blush, 

And  each  became  embarrassed, 
Each  heart  brat  loud,  each  tongue  was  hush, 

While  eyes  could  talk  though  harassed. 

The  day  was  set  for  them  to  wed, 

I  wonder  they  could  do  it, 
And  soon  he  to  the  altar  led 

The  maid,  and  not  to  rue  it. 

Who  now  the  silver  medal  took 

Was  but  a  question  trivial; 
Amanda  with  contentment's  look 

Said  give  it  to  my  rival. 

Not  for  your  heart,  my  dear  Le  Clair, 

The  happy  bride  insisted, 
1  never  had  a  rival  there 

Ere  you  and  I  enlisted. 

Long  years  since  in  their  graves  did  rest 

The  pair  that  thus  united. 
A  grandchild  who  the  gem  possessed, 

From  which  their  vows  were  plighted 

Displayed  it  at  Chicago's  fair, 

To  show  the  world  a  sample 
Of  handiwork,  to  late  compare 

In  rivalry's  example; 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  51 

Where  lives  the  spirit  great,  in  sacred  shade, 
Ideal  only  in  the  mortal  mind, 
Whose  faith  in  him  is  absolute  and  blind, 
Untempered  with  imagination  blent 
That  men  and  gods  in  unison  invent. 

Thus  Hercules  to  gods  in  councils  spoke, 
But  vain  he  tried  their  councils  to  revoke, 
And  'twas  in  vain  that  he  opposed  their  plan 
To  open  fields  anew  for  God  and  man, 
Wherein  the  learning  taught  by  ancient  Greece 
Should  in  a  new  found  world  with  time  increase. 

Xeptune  was  armed  to  forward  this  design, 

And  clothed  with  power  that  sea  and  land  combine. 

The  plan  was  this — to  pass  the  guarded  gate 

Of  Hercules,  while  he  in  love  should  wait 

For  Juno's  promised  advent  to  his  throne, 

On  Gibralter's  heights,  to  meet  alone. 

The  artful  Juno  undertook  the  case, 
But  first  secured  indulgences  and  grace 
To  guard  her  honor,  though  she  secret  met 
With  Hercules,  where  he  his  vigils  kept. 
Then  with  her  peacocks  harnessed  to  her  car, 
Above  the  clouds  she  cleaves  the  limpid  air 
'Till  Hercules'  abode  she  hovers  round, 
Lowers  her  flight  and  reaches  safe  the  ground. 

The  god  extends  a  welcome  to  his  guest, 
For  gods  and  jnen  are  both  of  love  possessed. 
Such  the  divinities  the  Greeks  conceived, 
If  their  mythology  Ciin  be  believed. 


52  .  IMKIAN    MI  M..IMAF.. 

This  happy  god  beneath  sweet  Juno's  smiles, 
Unconscious  of  the  goddess's  subtle  wiles. 
That  like  a  nymbus  gather  round   his  head. 
AVhile  yearns  his  In  ait.  with  tender  passion  fid. 

He  1  lows,  as  gods  to  goddesses  should  bow, 
When  love  and  passion  both  their  hearts  endow; 
I  Jut  Morpheus,  unseen  at  J  lino's  nod, 
Let  loose  his  charms  to  put  to  sleep  the  god. 

Next  she  repaired  to  Neptune,  whose  swift  Heel 
Spread  sails  to  pass  the  straits,  the  ocean  meet, 
While  Hercules,  entranced  by  Juno's  charm, 
Prostrate  his  strength  and  paralyzed  his  arm. 

Meantime  a  friendly  god  the  charm  dispelled, 
That  Juno's  cunning  art  on  him  had  held, 
And  now  restored,  he  in  an  inkling 
Harnessed  two  soaring  falcons,  fleet  of  Aving, 

To  his  light  car,  to  o'er  the  ocean  reel, 

Along  the  wake  of  Xeptune's  freighted  keel, 
And  as  his  car  was  Hying  through  the  skies 
Far  in  the  distance  he,  his  object,  spies. 

Hard  the  pursued  now  crowd  the  Mowing  sail, 
Hut  vain  the  effort,  naught  could  he  avail 
In  flight  before  the  soaring  falcons  wing, 
I'nless  some  other  (MM!  a  rescue  bring. 

Fair  Juno  now  with  charms  and  wit  beset 
K.-snhed  to  play  the  flexible  coquette, 
And  in  a  trice  she  plies  a  peacock's  wings 


COLUMBIAN   MEMORIAL.  53 

With  both  her  hands,  and  into  ether  springs. 
Quickly  she  meets  the  car  of  Hercules 
In  his  pursuit  above  Atlantic's  seas. 

When  he  beheld  the  goddess  coming  near, 
Arrayed  with  smiles  and  on  her  cheek  a  tear, 
His  heart  relented,  and  his  love  returned, 
That  from  the  first  within  his  bosom  burned. 
By  his  command  the  flying  falcons  rest, 
While  Hercules  receives  his  treacherous  guest. 

But  still  she  looked  so  penitent  the  while, 

As  through  her  tears  she  casts  a  heartless  smile, 

And  while  her  honied  words  appeased  his  might, 

Unseen  she  sent  a  dove  in  airy  flight 

Back  to  Olympus  where  the  thunderer  stood. 

Waving  his  trident  o'er  the  distant  flood. 

Prompt  he  responded  to  the  goddess'  call 
And  o'er  the  heavens  spread  a  sable  pall, 
Till  thunder  clouds  in  darkness  veiled  the  light, 
As  he  beheld  the  strain  of  Neptune's  flight, 
When  Neptune  tacked  and  to  the  larboard  hied 
While  Hercules  kept  on  across  the  tide, 
So  sweetly  entertained  with  Juno's  grace 
While  transient  smiles  adorn  her  beauteous  face. 

Missing  his  object  on  the  ocean's  main, 
Lost  in  the  clouds  he  loath  returned  again; 
The  artful  Juno  waved  a  sweet  good  bye, 
And  left  him  in  profound  soliloquy, 
A  victim  to  an  evanescent  smile, 
To  hide  a  secret  or  a  plan  beguile. 


r  \ir.i  \\    MEMORIAL, 


Sure  pairan  irods  these  attributes 

Else  how  could  they  in  mortal  souls  invest 

The  faith  that  in  their  natures  lived  and  grew, 

To  lead  their  action  to  be  just  and  time. 

E'en  false  religion  in  that  early  age 

Was  not  without  its  moralist  and  sage. 

The  danger  parried,  Neptune  gained  the  lea, 
The  Occident,  that  studs  Atlantic's  sea. 
His  mission  thus  propitiously  begun, 
He  took  his  course  towards  the  western  sun, 
And  wisely  now  relinquished  his  command, 
To  reach  the  chain  of  lakes  across  the  land, 
To  good  Minerva,  who  the  classics  say 
Taught  how  the  threads  within  the  loom  to  lay, 
And  set  the  reeds  to  weave  the  linen  web, 
To  clothe  the  human  form,  to  virtue  bred. 

This  goddess  representing  chastity, 
With  Xeptune  sailed  across  Atlantic's  sea; 
And  now  she  stretches  forth  her  gentle  hand, 
To  lure  two  turtle  doves  beneath  her  wand. 

e  birds  when  harnessed  to  her  airy  train, 
Flew  westward  from  the  ocean's  watery  main, 

1  safe  the  gods  and  goddesses  conveyed, 
To  where  the  western  chain  of  waters  laid. 

lleiv  Neptune  now  again  assumed  command, 
And  (juick  a  sailing  craft  was  fully  manned. 
Along  the  shining-  lakes  they  quickly  speed, 
And  at  Chicago's  portage  plant  a  seed, 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  55 

To  bear  its  fruit  in  eighteen  ninety-three — • 
The  fourth  centennial  in  chronology, 
Since  first  Columbus  followed  o'er  the  sea, 
Where  gods  had  been  before  by  Jove's  decree. 

You  who  perchance  may  read  this  fabled  dream; 
Consider  how  events  through  ages  teem, 
Nor  can  they  vary  from  what  is  to  be, 
Known  or  unknowing  mortals  can  not  see. 

But  metaphysics  never  need  decry, 
Our  actions,  if  we  keep  our  powder  dry, 
As  said  the  Puritans,  whose  faith  and  creed 
Took  care  their  persons  to  defend  and  feed. 

'Tis  pleasant  sure  to  feel  to  us  allied 

A  destiny  in  favor  of  our  side. 

It  is  no  myth  that  what  we  wish  to  gain, 

Must  come  through  labor  of  an  active  brain. 

The  sages  round  the  Mediterranean  sea, 
First  taught  the  science  of  astronomy. 
They  understood  the  model  of  the  earth, 
But  knew  not  how  its  circling  form  to  girth. 
And  let  us  not  the  pagan  rites  accuse, 
Of  any  act  that  science  might  abuse. 

Columbus  dared  their  theory  to  test, 
And  set  his  spreading  sails  toward  the  West, 
And  soon  a  scientific  world  of  thought, 
Beheld  the  wonder  that  his  genius  wrought. 


56  (  "UMIUAN    MI-.MMKfAL. 

It  was  no  transient  thought  that  crossed  his  brain, 
That  made  him  venture  on  the  untried  main. 
The  instrument  that  Greek  philosophy 
Had  careful  nurtured  to  maturity. 

Ne'er  did  a  planted  seed  produce  such  fruit, 
Nor  such  a  simple  truth  such  creeds  dispute, 
Nor  by  its  subtle  strength ,  thus  undermine 
Such  theories  false,  that  priests  had  called  divine. 

Of  all  beliefs  with  which  the  world  is  curst, 
The  most  tenacious  always  is  the  worst; 
Whose  advocates  are  wont  to  hypnotize 
Their  victims  for  a  mental  sacrifice; 
While  metaphysics  plants  a  living  truth, 
To  live  robust  in  a  perennial  youth. 

Asia  thou  Alma  Mater  of  mankind, 
Whence  came  the  science  that  the  fertile  mind, 
Of  Greece  or  Egypt  gave  a  rising  world, 
To  Europe  first,  then  o'er  the  Atlantic  hurled, 
When  died  the  fifteenth  century  away, 
In  fame  and  grandeur  never  to  decay  ? 
Hoary  with  years  thine  ancient  tablaturo 
Became  the  germ  of  Europe's  literature. 

Could  we  but  lift  the  vail  that  time  has  cast, 
O'er  empires  born  to  die  in  centuries  past, 
Whatever  else  our  wondering  eyes  might  see, 
Behind  would  vanish  an  eternity. 
But  we're  admonished  now  to  look  ahead, 
While  not  unmindful  of  the  noble  dead. 


COLUMBIAN   MEMORIAL.  57 

With  grateful  hearts  we  celebrate  the  year 
That  all  the  world  of  progress  holds  so  dear, 
The  year  sublime  with  inspiration  fraught, 
Revealing  truths  that  "  Credo  "  changes  not. 

To  thee,  Columbus^  be  all  honor  paid ! 

You  proved  a  law  that -all  the  world  obeyed; 

While  Plato,  Strabo,  Hanno,  Ptolemy 

Pointed  to  you  the  way  across  the  sea, 

All  honor  to  those  sages  of  the  past, 

Whose  souls  upon  a  vestal  throne  are  cast, 

The  inspiration  of  our  living  age, 

Peerless  their  fame  on  learnings  honored  page. 


THE  STARS  AND  STRIPES. 

Air :— "  SWEET  HOME." 

The  flags  of  all  Nations  that  shadow  the  seas, 
To  our  shores  we  will  welcome,  and  fling  to  the  breeze, 
For  to  Jonathan's  hearthstone,  each  one  is  a  guest, 
And  to  them  will  our  flag  touch  the  blue  water's  crest. 
The  path  of  the  ocean  shall  ever  be  free 
To  sails  that  are  set  for  America's  lea, 
When  they  bring  us  the  tidings  of  friendship  sincere, 
Then  our  flag  will  respond  with  a  National  cheer. 

Chorus. 

The  stars,  the  stars  on  a  blue  ground  designed, 
The  red  and  the  white  streamers  flung  to  the  wind. 


58  COM'M'  \L. 

Tho  world  on  our  fair  has  a  claim  from  the  past, 

<  )f  the  four  hundred  years,  and  the  blessings  they've  - 

Improving  and  raising  the  grade  of  mankind, 

Far  more  than  Columbus  himself  ere  divined. 

And  now  let  the  flags  of  all  Nations  combine, 

I  n  the  aegis  of  peace,  at  the  sacredest  shrine, 

Krc-  erected  to  honor  the  great  Genoese, 

Whose  memory  shall  live  as  the  centuries  increase. 

Chorus. 
The  stars,  the  stars,  etc. 

I  low  many  sweet  homes  have  grown  up  in  the  land. 
That  grew  from  the  work  of  his  thought  and  command, 
The  homes  that  are  sheltered,  the  old  flag  beneath. 
What  more  could  we  ask  its  broad  folds  to  bo<jueath  ( 
While  the  stars  of  the  finnanent  twinkle  to  earth, 
Let  the  stars  of  our  flag  ne'er  dishonor  their  birth. 
Let  it  ever  be  said  that  the  white  red  and  blue 
T<»  justice  and  honor  will  ever  be  true. 

Chorus. 

The  stars,  the  stars,  etc. 

While  the  mists  of  the  mountains  in  silvery  hue, 
In  ne^li-rencc  dance  in  the  Welkin's  soft   blue, 
While  the  circlini:  tides  rise  and  fall  on  the  lea, 
Circumvolving  the  lnvast  of  the  billowy  sea. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  50 

Let  the  glorious  memories  that  hallow  our  fair, 
Be  consigned  to  the  light  of  eternity's  care, 
To  live  while  our  flag  shall  in  triumph  arise; 
Commingling  its  blue  with  the  azure-tint  skies. 

Chorus. 
The  stars,  the  stars,  etc. 


PKOGKESS. 

The  curtain  fell  on  time's  demise, 
E're  Egypt  came  upon  life's  stage, 

Who  knows  what  empires  took  their  rise 
Within  that  prehistoric  age. 

The  germ  from  which  all  Nations  grew, 
Or  Egypt's  fame,  or  India's  lore 

Has  filled  the  world  both  old  and  new 
With  thoughts  that  sages  thought  before. 

There's  nothing  new  beneath  the  sun, 
Said  Solomon  with  wisdom  fraught, 

And  ever  since  the  world  begun, 
A  school  of  morals  has  been  taught, 

In  literature  sacred  deemed, 
From  ancient  or  medieval  writ, 

Through  which  our  social  laws  are  gleaned, 
And  modified  our  age  to  fit. 


60  COLUMBIAN    MI-M »KIAL. 

Long  since  that  mystic  age  has  past, 
From  grand  Olympus'  giddy  heights 

Did  Jupiter  his  thunders  cast — 
The  god  of  gods  in  power  and  might. 

Yet  Homer  wrote  beneath  that  wand, 
That  universally  then  reigned, 

In  numbers  smooth  and  rhythm  grand 
An  idyl,  that  his  age  has  framed. 

"  Greece  nurtured  in  her  glory's  time  " 
Grew  up  the  germs  of  literature, 

That  English  classics  made  sublime, 
To  live,  while  Nations  shall  endure. 

"  When  liberty  from  Greece  withdrew, 

And  o'er  the  Adriatic  flew," 
Then  Eome  assumed  the  royal  role, 

And  empires  held  in  her  control. 
Carthage  by  her  was  swept  away, 

While  Nations  faltered  in  decay. 

Then  rose  the  star  of  Bethlehem, 
When  old  religions  were  effete, 

And  to  the  blest  Jerusalem, 
The  Christian  made  his  loved  retreat, 

Then  history's  variegated  page — 
Ornate  with   evolution's  brand, 

Was  marked  with  change  and  battle's  rn^o. 
All  round  the  Mediterranean's  strand. 


COLUMBIAN   MEMORIAL.  61 

The  Roman  empire  in  decay 

Became  the  field  for  conquering  swords; 
Mahomet  rose  and  in  his  day 

O'erran  Arabia  with  his  hordes. 

The  soil  of  Europe  stained  with  blood 

And  bootless  conquest,  in  its  train 
Made  rivalry,  where  brotherhood 

Might  otherwise  have  had  its  reign. 

But  lo !     Another  world  was  found, 

Where  neither  tyranny  nor  creeds 
Were  planted  in  its  fallow  ground, 

To  hedge  the  way  that  virtue  pleads. 

Then  grew  to  life  the  pioneer — 

The  grandest  type  of  human  kind — 
The  class  unused  to  servile  fear, 

Nor  to  the  faults  of  rulers  blind. 

To  these,  is  due  our  country's  fame, 
Whose  flag  is  raised  in  freedom's  name, 

Whose  constitution  knows  no  creed, 
But  covers  all  its  subjects  need. 

Its  spirit  animates  the  world 

Whereon  our  flag  has  been  unfurled. 
JTis  there  the  laws  are  modified; 

To  human  rights  are  they  allied, 
The  germ  of  which  Columbus  gave, 

When  he  first  crossed  Atlantic's  wave. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL. 

TO  Til K  OCEAN. 

Give  me  the  ocean  in  repose, 
Far  o'er  its  ever  dimpling  face, 

I  .lushing,  as  may  a  dew-tipped  rose 
In  nature's  captivating  grace. 

Each  nation  of  the  teeming  Earth, 
On  its  domain  their  interest  share, 

Inherited  by  right  of  birth, 
The  boon,  unchallenged,  everywhere. 

And  to  all  Nations  now  we  say, 

This  highway  passes  by  your  gates, 

And  by  these  presents  here  we  pray, 
That  you  all  join  the  world's  great  States 

To  celebrate  the  eventful  year, 
That  o'er  the  sea  Columbus  sailed, 

Buoyant  in  hope,  unknown  to  fear, 
Eureka !  lo  his  plan  prevailed. 

Smile  on  !     Fair  ocean — deep  and  blue, 
AYhile  all  the  Nations  far  and  near, 

Join  hands  with  us  in  homage  true, 
To  him  whose  memory  we  revere. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  63 

INVOCATION  HYMN. 

Air : — AMERICA. 
God  of  creations  plan, 
Thy  humble  servant  man, 

Invokes  thy  care; 
Before  thy  throne  we  bow, 
And  pray  thee  to  endow 
Us  with  thy  blessings  now, 

And  hear  our  prayer. 

The  world's  great  heart  is  moved, 
Its  conscience  has  approved 

By  sentient  thought, 
Our  celebrating  here, 
The  work  that  all  revere — 
So  great,  so  vast,  so  dear, 

Columbus  wrought. 

Four  hundred  years  are  spent. 
Since  inspiration  sent 

Columbus  west, 
In  fame  to  lead  the  van, 
The  ocean's  breadth  to  span. 
Its  virgin  path  to  scan, 

O'er  its  wild  crest. 
With  one  united  voice, 
(Subjects  and  kings  rejoice; 

The  vail  is  turned 
That  lifts  ambition  higher, 
That  stimulates  desire, 
And  fans  to  flame  the  fire, 

That  in  them  burned. 


64:  COU'MHIAN    MKMnKIAL. 

Behold  a  tempting  prize, 
That  o'er  the  ocean  lies, 

Was  first  the  thought, 
That  royal  minds  possessed, 
Who  divanm!  that  empires  \vest, 
Beneath  their  crowns  should  rest, 

With  strength  distraught. 

But  evolutions  hand, 

The  fate  of  nations  planned, 

In  broader  type. 
New  governments  arise, 
That  freemen  improvise, 
Imperialism  dies 

Before  the  light. 

Could  we  prophetic  scan 
The  destiny  of  man, 

By  science  wrought. 
The  curtain  that  would  rise 
Would  blind  belief  surprise, 
As  truth  with  science  flies 

To  objects  sought. 

Of  kings  the  sacred  gem, 
Set  in  each  diadem, 

Was  right  divine. 
But  in  the  western  plain, 
Jleyond  the  (x-ean's  main, 
Where  freedom  held  the  reign, 

A  new  design, 


COLUMBIAN   MEMORIAL.  65 

On  Europe  soon  recoiled, 
That  tyranny  despoiled, 

Spontaneous  grew; 
And  common  law  construed — 
Each  royal  mandate  stood, 
For  universal  good, 

Each  nation  knew. 

Now,  on  one  common  plain, 
The  world  can  meet  to  gain, 

By  peaceful  arts, 
New  flights  in  learning's  ways, 
That  in  the  future  lays, 
Throughout  each  coming  phase, 

That  change  imparts. 

Where  rests  the  unsheathed  blade, 
That  cuts  the  tangled  braid, 

By  ignorance  spun  ? 
Who  now  can  play  the  seer, 
To  in  the  future  peer, 
And  bring  the  object  near, 

In  search  begun  ? 


FLYING. 

Air : — AMERICA. 
What  may  our  future  be, 
By  genius's  decree, 
Invests  our  brains — 


66  <  "I  1    MM  \N 


To  cleave  the  vault  of   blue, 
As  birds  their  flights  pursue. 
Is  this  for  us  in  lieu 
Of  railroad  trains? 

Are  we  to  soar  above, 
To  imitate  the  dove 

And  birds  that  sing? 
Are  we  by  easy  i  light 
To  reach  the  giddy  height, 
And  wed  our  heart's  delight 

While  on  the  wing  ( 

"With  parson,  book  in  hand, 
Robes  fluttering  in  the  wind, 

To  join  the  two; 
And  then  the  happy  bride, 
Her  lover  by  her  side, 
To  angels'  grace  allied, 

Responds,  "  I  do.." 

Then,  like  an  angel  fair, 
She  cleaves  the  cloudless  air, 

Her  groom  beside; 
And  with  her  troubadour 
Together  they  explore, 
As  on  the  wing  they  soar, 

The  world,  world  wide. 

Pray  tell  us.  at  the  Fair, 
Who  will  assemble  there, 
Js  this  to  be  ( 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  67 

What  else,  for  us  in  store, 
Lies  through  the  open  door 
That  genius  may  explore  ? 
We'll  wait  and  see. 


THE   STAK  OF  EMPIEE. 

Astrology  once  ruled  the  world  around 
The  Mediterranean  Sea,  for  fame  renowned, 
Where  first  Phoenician  vessels  dipped  their  keel, 
In  its  salt  waves  before  the  wind  to  reel. 

'Twas  then  the  Arabians,  in  their  mystic  light, 
Saw  visions  in  the  stars  that  rule  the  night, 
And  in  their  twinkling  maze,  stern  fate's  decree 
Foreshadowed  men's  and  nations'  destiny. 

The  hidden  secrets  of  the  milky  way, 
That  belts  the  Heavens,  in  its  dim  display, 
Was  suited  to  the  Arab's  magic  lore, 
That  opened  to  futurity  the  door. 

And  in  this  vein  there  runs  a  legend  old, 

That  seers  in  futurity  have  told — • 

A  motto  suited  to  the  present  day, 

"  Westward  the  Star  of  Empire  takes  its  way." 

'Twas  in  the  Orient,  this  star  arose, 
Where  lived  our  ancient  mother  in  repose, 
From  whose  prolific  womb  was  Europe  stocked, 
Its  early  nations,  in  her  cradle  rocked. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL. 

Atlantic's  waves  could  not  their  progress  stay; 
'•  Westward  the  Star  of  Empire  takes  her  way." 
( 'olumbus  destined  first  to  lead  the  van, 
The  Star  of  Empire  leaped  Atlantic's  span. 

And  when  began  the  work  of  founding  states, 
Above  the  rights  of  kings,  the  impending  fates 
Appeared  upon  the  ever  changing  scene, 
To  settle  issues  that  might  intervene, 

Ere  independent  nations  had  their  birth, 
To  rank  among  the  empires  of  the  earth. 
And  what  these  fates  ordained  has  been  fulfilled. 
Less  by  the  sword  than  by  good  fortune  willed. 


EMPIRE'S   WAVE. 

Asia,  thou  alma  mater  of  mankind, 
From  whose  prolific  womb  was  Europe  stocked, 
( )lder  than  history  are  thy  time  worn  days. 
Was  ancient  (ireece  one  of  thy  cherished  sons, 
Ami  did  the  poet  Homer  wisdom  learn 
From  olden  Hindu  lore  of  antique  fame? 
Or  did  llelenie  ( i  reece.  to  gh»ry  rise. 
Without  instructions  from  its  sacred  book-  '. 

Whence  came  the  light  that  bla/ed  around  the  --! 

of  Mediterranean's  Eastern  sea,  to  shine 

Through  Europe's  broad  domain  in  futur. 

To  \\ake  its  nations  to  a  higher  life  ( 

Whence  did  1'hu-nieian  grandeur  take  its  flight, 


COLUMBIAN   MEMORIAL.  69 

And  Egypt,  thou  of  venerated  fame, 
Whose  patent  antedates  the  sculptured  walls 
Of  Thebes — in  ruins  mouldering  into  dust — 
The  sport  of  fancy's  dream  and  listless  thought, 
Ere  rose  the  guiding  star  of  Bethlehem  ? 

Out  of  these  glories,  Rome  and  Carthage  grew, 
But  buried  in  their  turn  in  times  recoil, 
Have  still  their  records  left  upon  its  page, 
As  landmarks  on  the  hidden  path  that  traced 
The  western  sun  on  its  diurnal  way, 
Towards  the  Occident's  extreme  confines. 

Out  of  this  wreck  of  empire's  fallen  thrones, 

To  the  arena,  nations  new  arose, 

With  youthful  pith  and  vigor  in  their  limbs, 

As  when  the  frost  of  winter  kill  the  stalk, 

The  warmth  of  spring  its  vigorous  growth  renews, 

Till  autumn  sears  it  with  its  fatal  touch. 

Lo,  from  the  west  creations  new  arise, 
As  empire  o'er  the  ocean  quickly  flies, 
To  verify  of  science's  claim  the  dream 
Now  realized  in  our  new  regime, 
Chicago  has  the  honor  now  to  celebrate, 
The  great  event,  that  oped  the  book  of  fate. 


70  COI.r.MUIAN    MKMoItlAL. 

TIIK  LORD'S  PRAYBK  IN  METRE. 

Air  :— ( )i.i>  II  IM>KI:I>. 
Our  father,  who  in  Heaven  doth  reign, 
Thy  name  he  hallowed  in  refrain, 
Thy  kingdom  conic,  thy  will  he  done 
On  earth,  as  'tis  in  Heaven  hegun. 
If  others  may  against  us  sin. 
As  we  forgive  them  from  within, 
Grant  us  a  like  reprieve,  O  Lord, 
According  to  thy  promised  word. 
Not  tempted,  hut  from  evil  led, 
Give  us  each  day  our  daily  bread; 
Thine  he  the  kingdom,  glory,  power, 
Amen,  amen  forevermore. 


Thus,  we  invoke  thy  Heavenly  care, 
Abiding  with  us  at  our  fair; 
Inspire  the  world  in  rivalry, 
With  peace  and  magnanimity. 


BROTHER  JONATHAN'S   COURTSHIP. 

Air  : — "  YANKEE  DOODLE." 
'Twas  in  the  month  of  early  June 

When  Nature 's  decked  in  flowers; 
When  birds  their  tenor  voices  tune. 

To  cheer  the  dawning  hours. 
When  in  the  east  the  coming  sun 

The  vaulted  welkin  shaded, 
A  prelude  to  the  day  begun, 

When  Luna's  liV>t  had  faded. 


COLUMBIAN   MEMOBIAL.  71 

'Twas  at  this  evanescent  brief, 

That  Ruth  awoke  from  dreaming, 

Leaped  from  her  couch  and  o'er  the  heath, 
Along  her  way  was  teeming. 

Her  path  laid  o'er  the  fallow  lawn 
Where  sedge  and  grasses  blended, 

And  laurel  shrubs  the  hills  adorn, 
For  nature's  grace  intended. 

But  nature  on  the  landscape  spread, 
Had  naught  compared  in  beauty, 

To  agile  Ruth,  as  on  she  sped 
Of  Eros'  spoils,  the  booty. 

On  went  the  maid,  she  knew  not  where, 

As  if  a  fairy  bound  her, 
To  trace  these  vales  a  solitaire, 

Amidst  the  charms  around  her. 

When  lo !  a  voice  came  through  the  air, 

As  soft  as  zephyr's  chiming, 
Through  piny  foliage,  here  and  there, 

In  rhythmic  cadence  rhyming. 

'Twas  muffled  through  the  laurels  dense, 

As  in  her  ear  it  chanted 
The  name  of  Ruth,  in  love's  suspense 

Till  his  fond  wish  was  granted. 

Ruth  knew  the  voice,  and  felt  the  dart 

That  flew  from  Cupid's  quiver, 
For  now  she  knew  her  yielding  heart, 

Its  fortress  must  deliver 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL. 

To  him,  who,  like  herself,  did  roam 

In  (jucst  of  nature-,  smiling, 
On  youthful  hearts  of  love,  the  home 

Uncertainty  beguiling. 

"  Tome  to  my  arms  my  Jonathan," 

Cried  Ruth  to  her  fond  lover; 
The  lad,  astonished,  thither  ran, 

"While  blushing  to  discover, 

1 1  is  fa  ithful  heart's  and  soul's  desire; 

And  then  in  sweet  caresses. 
Their  vows  they  plight,  with  Nature's  lyre 

To  chant  the  charmed  duresses. 

The  sun  peeped  o'er  the  distant  gray, 
And  streaked  the  heather  olden, 

Prophetic  of  the  nuptial  day, 

To  make  their  hearthstone  golden. 

In  seventeen  hundred  seventy-six, 

In  Philadelphia's  keeping, 
The  wedding  party  met  to  fix 

A  declaration  greeting. 

That  here,  upon  their  nuptial  day, 

Among  the  world  of  nations. 
They  raise  their  standard  here  to  pray, 

For  recognized   relations. 

France  first  the  invitation  graced, 

And  Jonathan  saw  glory. 
In  future  pride  not  yet  effaced 

By  time's  repeating  story. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL. 

The  beauteous  bride  that  shared  the  nest 

In  Jonathan's  new  mansion, 
Bore  children  for  the  distant  West 

For  national  expansion. 

First  thirteen  children  made  the  group, 
Their  fireside  home  to  brighten, 

But  now  a  gay  and  festive  troupe, 
The  Nation's  prestige  heighten. 

Full  forty -four,  their  number,  knows, 

Around  our  flag  to  hover, 
A  tower  of  strength,  who  dare  oppose — 

Born  of  a  cherished  mother. 

From  Asia's  shore  to  Europe's  coast, 

A  half  way  goal  comprising. 
Where  freedom  makes  no  empty  boast, 

Inventions  improvising. 

Four  hundred  years  of  time  unrolled 
From  centuries'  wheel  in  motion, 

Have  now  revived  the  memories  old 
How  Colon  crossed  the  ocean. 

And  how  the  genesis  of  man 

Has  westward  since  been  teeming, 

Till  sentient  thought  the  earth  can  span. 
Like  light  electric  gleaming. 


7i  COLUMBIAN    MT  M<>  RIAL. 

OUR  COUNTRY. 
Air  : — "  OLD  OAKEN  BUCKET." 

( >ur  country  still  clad  in  the  robes  of  its  childhood, 

Klastic  and  gay,  in  its  vigor  and  prime, 
Ornate  \vith  the  beauty  and  charm  of  the  wild  wood, 

And  fanned  by  the  winds  of  its  genial  clime. 

While  now  in  the  days  of  its  halcyon  pleasir 
I  n  ample  profusion  spread  out  to  its  hands, 

In  the  mountain's  and  valley's  unlimited  treasur- 
And  in  the  broad  plains  of  its  verdure-clad  lands. 

And  now  at  the  end  of  four  centuries  fleeting, 
Since  first  did  Columbus  the  Ocean  explore, 

In  friendship,  extends  to  the  nations  a  greeting 
To  visit  our  Fair  upon  Michigan's  shore. 

Our  broad  inland  sea,  with  its  bosom  e'er  heaving, 
Like  the  tide-swelling  Ocean,  dilating  its  breath, 

Like  the  heart  of  the  continent,  living  and  breathing 
The  air  of  Dame  Nature,  that's  never  at  rest. 

The  Old  Oaken  Bucket,  whose  memories  we  cherish 
We'll  hang  from  the  curb  of  Lake  Michigan's  well— 

i   childhood's  bright   emblem,   that   never  can  perish, 
But  live  in  the  heart,  the  old  story  to  tell. 

Now  venerable  fathers,  who  live  o'er  the  ocean, 
Thy  children  invoke,  and  invite  you  again, 

To  come  to  our  aid  in  this  work  of  devotion, 

To  honor  the  one  who  first  crossed  the  wild  main. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  75 

EVOLUTION. 

"  Many  a  vanquished  year  and  age 
Of  tempest's  breath  and  battle's  rage," 
Have  overspread  the  changing  earth 
Since  mystic  nature  gave  it  birth, 
And  writ  its  history  in  the  rocks, 
Upturned  to  sight  by  earthquake  shocks. 
The  age  that  carved  on  monuments, 
In  nature's  touch  that  ne'er  relents, 
The  mysteries  of  chronology, 
In  every  spot  above  the  sea, 
From  height  to  depth,  on  every  hand, 
Replete  with  evolution's  brand. 

Each  continent  that  studs  the  main, 

Redeemed  from  ocean's  broad  domain, 

In  varied  outlines,  has  been  wrought 

That  wind,  and  tide,  and  time  have  brought, 

But  powers  that  held  the  book  of  fate, 

Since  time  began  to  formulate 

The  ocean's  bounds,  the  land's  reserve, 

The  mountain's  chain,  the  river's  curve, 

Decreed,  that  in  the  rising  West, 

The  grandeur  of  the  world  should  rest. 

Here  inland  seas  have  been  outspread 
By  living  springs  and  rivers  fed, 
And  on  their  verge  a  city  made — 
A  center  to  the  world  of  trade. 
Chicago  is  its  name,  well  known, 
Throughout  the  earth's  remotest  zone; 


COLUMBIA!!     MKMoKIAL. 

Peerless  she  stands  and  world  renowned 

rnrivaled  in  her  laurels  crowned. 

Then  wliy  should  not  the  nations  in 

To  lay  their  tributes  at  her  feet. 

She  who  these  honors  will   repay 

AVith  interest  at  no  distant  day, 

In  the  necessities  of  life 

For  which  the  world's  in  endless  strife. 

In  science  a  novitiate, 

She  bows  with  reverence  to  each  State, 

AVI iose  deputies  shall  honor  her, 

In  grateful  council  to  confer, 

And  celebrate  the  passim:  year. 

That  all  the  world  has  held  so  dear. 

The  year  that  o'er  the  trackless  wave, 

Unto  the  world  Columbus  <ravo 

The  charm  that  ignorance  oYrturned, 

As  all  mankind  the  secret  learned 

Of  the  new  world,  that  crowned  the  AVest, 

That  all  the  wants  of  man  possessed, 

AVith  superstition  left  behind. 

That  had  so  long  enslaved  the  mind. 

There  was  a  pa<re  immaculate, 

AVhere  rivalry  could  emulate. 

And  share  the  genius  of  the  , 

In  which  all  thinking  minds  cuira^e. 

Then  new  inventions  filled  the  world. 
New  nations'  banners  were  unfurled. 
Youn<:  blond,   infused  in  youthful  veins 
Soon  stimulated  human  brains, 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  77 

And  high  ambition  mounted  higher, 
For  Avhere  shall  rest  the  heart's  desire, 
When  tempted  by  the  gates  ajar, 
That  open  where  new  glories  are, 
Within  the  wilds  and  solitudes 
Of  nature's  boundless  amphitudes, 
O'erspread  with  sylvan  shadows  hung, 
The  mountain,  glen  and  vales  among, 
Enriched  by  many  an  autumn  dress 
Of  leaf  mould,  in  the  wilderness. 

Or  where  the  emerald  prairie  maze 
Has  vanished  in  the  summer  haze, 
And  with  the  distant  welkin  blue 
Is  lost  in  a  dissolving  view. 

Lo  !  from  the  ocean's  billowy  breast, 

A  fleet  is  coming  to  the  West. 

It  bore  a  score  or  two  of  men 

A  mighty  sword,  a  mightier  pen— 

The  first  installment  of  a  tide 

To  human  destiny  allied. 

It  pierced  the  wilderness  of  waves, 
Whose  everlasting  motion  laves 
The  wilderness  of  virgin  shore, 
That  never  had  been  known  before. 

Westward  the  tide  of  progress  goes, 
To  conquer  all  \vlio  may  oppose 
The  fiat  of  the  sword  unsheathed, 
To  gain  the  right  by  might  bequeathed. 


78  OOI.fMIHAN 

Survive  tlif  litte.st.  was  the  rule. 
Adopted   in  the  invader's  school 
And  "lo  the  Indian  whoso  mind 
Sees  God  in  clouds  or  in  the  wind," 
Vanished  before  the  conquering  sword 
And  left  behind  an  empty  void. 

Now  all  things  must  he  built  anew; 

States  were  mapped  out,  large  cities  grew, 

And  multiplied  from  sea  to 

As  if  intent  on  rivalry; 

The  western  world  against  the  old, 

The  stalwart  youth  becoming  bold 

Away  from  the  paternal  roof, 

While  laboring  for  his  own  behoof. 

Now,  dear  old  world  where  we've  begun, 

Started  from  that,  which  you  have  done, 

And  in  our  emulating  strain 

( n.od fellowship  IKIS  held  the  rein, 

Fm-evennore,  so  let  it  be, 

As  long  as  tides  roll  o'er  the  sea. 


CHICAGO  TRl'ST. 
Air:—  "<).s  LIM-KN   \Vin:.\    iiii;Sr.\  \V 


\  .  >:  \<  [  ithin  the  past, 

Time's  transient  shadows  Hying  past, 
Upon  a  wilderness  were  ca 
That  now  is  called  Chicago. 


COLUMBIAN   MEMORIAL.  79 

Ev'n  then  the  place  this  name  possessed, 
A  wild  on  Michigan's  heaving  breast, 
A  landscape  in  the  distant  west, 
A  portage  of  tradition. 

"Where  reverence  for  the  Manitou, 
The  only  God  the  Indian  knew, 
Was  his  protection,  ever  true, 
In  nature's  lone  amenities. 

But  lo !  There  came  a  new  regime 
In  civilization's  dawning  gleam, 
As  westward  ho !  its  votaries  teem 
To  occupy  Chicago. 

The  Indian  vanished  from  the  place, 
And  followed  West  his  wandering  race, 
And  of  his  blood  left  but  a  trace 
Among  the  new  invaders. 

No  marks  by  him  were  left  behind, 
No  monuments  by  him  designed, 
No  one  to  mourn  his  ill  starred  wind, 
That  canceled  his  inheritance. 

He  played  his  part  upon  life's  stage, 
Who  knows  how  long  his  golden  age, 
That  smoothly  ran  in  his  presage 
In  nature's  tranquil  dalliance. 

When  Moses  in  the  rushes  smiled, 
And  Pharaoh's  daughter  took  the  child, 
And  through  her  love  the  deed  beguiled, 
Who  then  lived  at  Chicago. 


MI.M..I:!  A  i  . 

Who  else  hut  them  could  here  invest, 
Their  all  in  such  a  wildern. 
( )r  who  hut  them  abide  the  test, 
<  )f  such  a  life  enduring. 

The  fin-tains  raised,  and  changed  the  scene, 
Tin1  Indian  fled,  the  acts  bet  \veen. 
The  tiller  plows  the  heather  green, 
And  city  building  follows. 

Who  questions  evolution's  reign. 
Its  tide  of  justice,  though  not  plain, 
Must  ever  follow  in  their  train. 
Survive  the  fittest  substitute. 

Such  is  the  rule  that  here  applies, 
AVhere  all  our  love  of  country  lies, 
And  where  our  dearest  social  ties, 
Are  blended  in  alliance. 

The  world  to  us  is  growing  near. 
From  east   and  west  it  meets  us  here, 
And  sentient  thought  that  all  revere, 
Heroines  our  inspiration. 

While  fruitage  from  its  stock  mature, 
Shall  with  the  Nation's  life  endure, 
And  in  its  heart  shall  rest  secure, 
Its  cherished  souvenirs. 

Chicago!   this  to  \  oil  in  trust, 
Is  given  to  \oiir  keeping  first, 
To  honor  him   wliuse  Mesh  is  dust, 
Whose  soul  shall  live  eternal. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  81 

And  as  the  future  centuries  run, 
Let  this  good  work,  that  we've  begun, 
Through  every  land  beneath  the  sun, 
Rehearse  Columbus'  memory. 


ACROSTIC. 

Tell  me  the  tales  of  the  olden  time, 

How  the  seamew  screamed  his  weird  chime, 

Ever  in  distance,  where  the  sea  mists  dance, 

What  a  will  of  the  wisp,  with  a  sea  muffled  lisp, 
Over  the  ocean,  a  mystery  spread, 
Revealing  no  clue,  to  the  place  where  it  led, 
Letting  no  light  from  its  shrouded  crest 
Divine  the  ne\v  continents,  in  the  far  west, 
Since  geology  raised  them  above  the  blue  sea. 

Crowning  each  coast  with  a  sea  beaten  lea, 

Oh,  the  mystery  that  lurked  in  the  wilderness  ocean, 

Little  was  known,  of  its  tides  or  its  motion, 

Ubiquitous  ever,  its  sources  or  bounding, 

More  especially,  the  Avail  that  dammed  up  its  surrounding; 

But  theories  multiplied,  about  what  they  knew  naught, 

Inasmuch  as  their  knowledge  respecting  it  grew  not, 

And  never  went  farther  than  doubtful  belief, 

Nor  ever  came  aught  that  could  bring  a  relief, 


82  COLUMBIAN   MEMORIAL. 

Enough  to  substantiate  logic  or  science. 
Xerxes  the  Persian  then  bid  Greece  defiance : 
Persia  thus  worsted  in  battle  retreated 
O'er  the  ^Egaegan  sea,  dejected,  defeated; 
>    she  never  made  war  on  the  Grecians  again, 
In  the  age  of  their  triumph  on  Platea's  plain. 
The  sum  of  the  matter,  may  now  be  related, 
In  the  days  that  Columbus'  time  antedated, 
Of  all  that  was  known,  ere  the  age  of  his  birth, 
No  one  had  discovered  the  wav  round  the  earth. 


POETKY. 

Some  say  the  age  of  poetry  is  past, 

Would  such  a  wish  be  father  to  the  thought  ? 

Must  prosy  words  imagination  blast, 

That  charm  the  heart,  in  tender  passion  wrought  i 

Must  youth's  volition  measured  be  in  mail ! 

And  all  our  aspirations  hedged  around 
With  toils  inflexible,  by  which  to  veil 

Ideal  views  of  pleasure's  sunny  ground  ? 

The  man  who  measured  numljers  may  despise, 

Let  him.  not  throw  a  wivatli  on  Shakespeare's  shrine, 
Let  him  not  smile  upon  the  sunset  skies, 
praise  the  beauty  of  unique  design. 

Nor  in  the  poetry  of  motion  dance 

The  ravishing  quadrille,  to  music's  swell, 

Nor  in  the  social  walks  of  life  advance 

Beyond  the  limits  where  a  prude  may  dwell. 


COLUMBIAN   MEMORIAL.  S3 

And  when  he  to  the  altar  leads  a  maid, 

If  he  a  victim  finds  for  sacrifice, 
'Twill  be  a  business  venture,  like  a  trade 

In  stocks  or  bonds,  at  marketable  price. 

His  heart  impervious  to  sentiment, 

He  offers  her  his  nuptial  vows  to  share, 
She  measures  out  a  business  like  consent, 

The  match  negotiated  on  the  square. 

Nor  song  nor  music  need  his  balance  tempt, 
'Twould  be  a  lavish  waste  of  precious  pearls, 

From  such  eccentric  pastime  he's  exempt, 
'Twould  not  be  business  to  such  chronic  churls. 

Let  him  not  visit  the  Chicago  Fair, 

Lest  his  tenacious  vigils  may  be  shocked; 

But  let  him  stay  at  home,  a  solitaire, 
By  tuneful  poetry  and  romance  mocked. 

Let  no  poetic  tribute  mark  his  tomb, 

When  back  to  dust  his  body  shall  return; 

Let  not  the  flowers  shed  their  sweet  perfume, 
Nor  zeplwrs  sigh,  nor  drooping  willows  mourn. 

Ah  ye!  who  have  not  felt  the  sacred  charm 

Of  poetry  to  lift  your  standard  higher, 
To  in  the  hearts  of  loving  ones  embalm 

The  memories  of  sanguine  youthful  fire; 

What  have  you  lived  for,  in  your  pilgrimage 
Through  life's  eventful  and  dissolving  vu-\v: 

What  lasting  tribute  made  in  life's  presage 
To  make  a  graceful  monument  prove  true. 


84  cou'Mr.iAN   MI:M<>KIAL. 


NKW  YORK'S    [NAUGUBAI  GREETING. 

Air  "  Star  Spanirh'd    Manner." 

iv  what  has  caused  such  a  wonderful  charm, 
Throughout  every  land,  by  the  broad  ocean  hounded, 
From  the  school  house,  the  forum,  the  mill  and  the  farm, 
In  grateful  emotion,  the  voice  has  been  sounded. 
'Tis  the  four  hundredth  year,  since  the  bold  pioii. 
So  buoyant  with  hope,  and  undaunted  by  lea;-, 
On  Atlantic's  broad  bosom  set  sail  for  the  AV- 
On  the  wilderness  path  of  its  billowy  breast. 

On  the  twelfth  of  October  New  York  leads  the  van, 

To  honor  Columbus,  in  truth  and  devotion, 

AVhere  in  the  wide  world,  could  the  day  and  the  man. 

lie  honored  so  highly,  this  side  of  the  ocean; 

There  our  standards  shall  rise,  till  beneath  the  blue  skies, 

They  shall  tell  to  the  world,  where  the  true  honor  1: 

For  lifting  the  veil,  that  hung  over  the  west, 

That  had  hidden  the  land,  on  the  ocean's  broad  breast. 

Around  our  fair  city  a  landscape  is  spread, 
Ornate  in  the  beauties  of  nature  reposing, 
\Vith   our  beautiful  river,  eternally  fed, 
T,v  the  springs  from  the  mountains,  its  valley  inclosing 
And  our  commerce  clad  bay.  with  its  tidal   washed  1< 
From  the  waves  of  the  sea,  to  the  Nation  is  1  ': 
These  grandeurs  were  hid,  till  Columbus  made  known, 
world  of  the  west,  where  they  slumbered  alone. 


COLUMBIAN   MEMORIAL.  85 

Let  thousands  of  voices  united  then  sing, 
The  day  to  make  glad,  with  a  festive  thanksgiving, 
For  the  blessings  of  freedom  and  comfort  they  bring, 
To  the  genial  world  of  amenities  living, 
New  York  is  its  center,  acknowledged  to  be, 
Where  the  flag  of  the  free,  on  Atlantic's  bold  lea, 
So  gallantly  waves,  to  the  world  a  good  cheer, 
From  our  mast  heads  a  generous  welcoming  here. 


MERIT. 

Four  hundred  years  have  now  their  coil  unrolled, 
From  off  the  wheel  of  times'  ne'er  ending  chain, 
Since  the  grand  landmark  that  Columbus  made, 
Has  set  its  seal  upon  the  continents. 

Toward  the  path  that  only  honor  knows, 
Can  all  mankind  now  turn  their  willing  feet, 
]STo  dogmas  now  can  block  the  open  way, 
Or  cramp  the  aspirations  of  the  mind, 

In  new  inventions  made  for  human  weal, 
Whether  or  not  they  tally  with  belief, 
Or  break  the  fallow  ground  of  sentient  thought, 
Or  walk  in  paths,  not  trod  by  man  before. 

JTis  fitting  now  that  in  this  teeming  age, 
We  call  a  halt,  and  take  a  breathing  time; 
In  the  far  depths  of  North  America, 
Is  the  spot  named  for  our  rendezvous. 


86  COUMMXN    IOEMOBIAL. 

Y€  who  best  represent  the  busy  world. 
Your  grateful  tributes  at   its  scepter  lay, 
That  shadows  here   its  pa«re  immaculate, 
On  which  to  write  degrees  of  genius  found. 

.Nations!     To  what  grand  heights  have  you  attained, 
In  rivalry,  where  science  led  the  way— 
That  arbiter,  to  which  the  world  unbends, 
That  throne,  majestic  and  imperial. 

And  in  the  rising  arts  mechanical, 
What  progress  have  you  made  with   study  fraught, 
In  the  great  path,  that  flying  centuries  tread, 
With  steady  pace  toward  infinitude. 

Pierian  waters  rolling  on  their  way, 
The  dawn  of  light,  revealing  a  new  day, 
Perfunctory  education  in  decay. 

Have  followed  evolution's  swelling  tide, 
That  will  the  destinies  of  man  decide. 
When  liberty  and  knowledge  are  allied. 

Be  this  the  fruitage  of  Chicago's  Fair, 

AVhere  may  an  honest  world  their  notes  compaiv, 

AVith  justice  blindfold,  sitting  in  the  chair. 

Whereof,  of  kindred  man  the  brotherhood 
Shall  lie  the  only  watchword  understood, 
Merit  the  claim,  for  everlasting  good. 


COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL.  87 

THE  NAME  OF  AMEEICA. 

"  The  rose  by  any  other  name  would  smell  as  sweet." 
Columbus,  'tis  a  tribute  to  your  worth, 
That  lays  our  humble  offerings  at  your  feet, 
To  thee,  whose  living  fame  has  filled  the  earth. 

What  if  thy  name  marks  not  the  land  you  gave, 
It  is  emblazoned  on  the  temples  there, 
To  live,  when  empires  sink  beneath  the  wave, 
Their  cities  lain  in  ruins  everywhere. 

Still  will  survive  all  these,  the  magic  thought 
That  on  a  wondering  world  so  subtly  fell, 
And  to  its  hungry  soul  the  knowledge  brought, 
That  superstitious  dogmas  did  dispel. 

America,  the  nations  gather  at  your  shore, 
But  not  in  honor's  homage  to  your  name; 
But  unto  him  who  opened  first  the  door, 
That  of  the  world  of  progress  lit  the  flame. 

You  sought  for  India  o'er  the  watery  west, 
A  simple  thought,  that  truth  would  justify; 
You  found  a  world  reposing  on  its  breast, 
Beneath  your  own  familiar  star-lit  sky. 

You  pierced  the  vestal  throne  of  cosmic  thought, 

Beneath  the  rubbish  of  inertia  laid; 

You  tested  that  which  theories  had  taught, 

You  showed  the  way  1   You  spoke  1    The  world  obeyed ! 


88  COLUMBIAN    MEMORIAL. 

BUKIAL  OF  COLUMBUS. 

Air: — Nor  A  DRUM  WAS  HEARD. 
"Weary  and  sadly  he  went  to  his  grave, 

His  fame  and  ambition  resigning, 
As  visions  of  glory  from  over  the  wave 

Had  vanished,  as  years  were  declining. 

Quiet  and  silent  they  laid  him  to  rest, 

When  the  light  of  his  life  had  ceased  burning; 

To  his  own  mother  earth,  his  consoling  behest, 
Unto  dust  his  frail  body  returning. 

Oh  bury,  oh  bury  me  o'er  the  wild  wave, 
Was  the  wish  of  our  hero  when  dying, 

Let  me  rest  where  the  Occident's  waters  shall  lave 
The  shore  where  my  bod}'  is  lying. 

On  a  green  western*  island  his  body  now  lays, 

To  honor  his  dying  desire, 
While  nations  unite  in  rehearsing  his  praise. 

With  song  and  with  harp  and  with  lyre. 

And  the  light  that  once  burned  in  this  casket  of  clay 
Shines  brighter  and  brighter  before  us, 

As  time  rolls  along  on  its  track  of  <leeny 
To  leave  brighter  visions  before  us. 

IIo!  Ye  nations  assembled  to  honor  his  name. 
Who  have  reaped  of  his  genius  the  fruiting, 

Wreath  his  memory  with  laurels  of  honor  and  fame. 
That  eternity's  hand  is  recruiting. 


AUTOGRAPH   LETTER 
OF 

CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS 

ADDRESSED  TO 
THE    EMBASSADOR,    MR.    NICOLO    ODERIGO. 


SIR: — It  is  impossible  to  describe  the  solitude  which  your  departure 
has  caused  among  us.  I  gave  the  book  of  my  privileges  to  Mr.  Frco.  di 
Rivarolo,  in  order  that  he  might  forward  it  to  you  along  with  a  copy  of 
the  missive  letters.  I  beg  of  you,  as  a  particular  favour,  to  write  to  Don 
Diego,  to  acknowledge  their  receipt,  and  to  mention  where  they  are  de- 
posited. Another  copy  shall  be  finished,  and  sent  to  you  in  the  same 
manner,  and  by  the  said  Mr.  Fr  °.  You  will  find  another  letter  in  it,  in 
which  their  Highnesses  have  promised  to  give  me  all  that  belongs  to  me, 
and  to  put  Don  Diego  in  possession  of  it,  as  you  will  see.  I  am  writing 
to  Signor  Gian  Luigi,  and  to  the  Signora  Caterina,  and  the  letter  will 
accompany  this.  I  shall  depart  in  the  name  of  the  Holy  Trinity  with 
the  first  favourable  weather,  with  a  considerable  equipment.  If  Girolamo 
da  Santo  Stefano  comes  he  must  wait  for  me,  and  not  entangle  himself 
with  any  one,  for  they  will  get  from  him  whatever  they  can,  -and  then 
leave  him  in  the  lurch.  Let  him  come  here,  and  he  will  be  received  by 
the  King  and  Queen  until  I  arrive.  May  our  Lord  have  you  in  his  holy 
keeping!  March  21,  1502,  in  Seville. 

At  your  Commands. 

S. 

8.       A.       S. 

X.    M.    Y. 

X  Po  FERENS. 
A /etc  simile  of  the  above  letter  will  be  found  on  pages  90  and  91. 

89 


I 


il- 


V 


UJ 


IH 


< 


EXPLANATIONS  OF  COLUMBUS'  AUTOGRAPHS. 


The  initials  of  the  signature  in  this  letter  are  supposed  to  stand  for 
either  the   Latin  name-    -  supplex  Altissimi    Salvatoris,  or   the 

Spanish  words,  Servidor  sus  Altezas  Sacras,  both  of  which  have  the 
same  meaning. 

M.  Y.  stands  for 

Xristos.  Maria,  Yosephus 

or 

Ysabel. 

X  po  FERENS  is  the  Spanish  of  Christopher. 

There  are  but  few  copies  of  Columbus'  letters  to  be  found  in  literature 
and  consequently  but  few  of  his  autographs.  The  foregoing  is  a  trans- 
lation of  the  preceding  fac  simile  of  his  letter,  taken  from  a  collection  of 
authentic  documents  from  original  manuscripts,  published  in  Genoa,  and 
translated  and  reprinted  in  London  in  1 


ARMS  OF  COLUMrV 

AJTEB   HAVING   RECEIVED    HI?   TITLE.  ADMIRAL  OF   THE   OCEAN.    Virr 
AM)   GOVEBN'  L  OF   THE   EAST   INDIES,  ETC. 

02 


The  history  of  Asia,  the  mother  of  nations,  and  of  Egypt,  is  too  old  for 
our  chronology.  That  of  Europe  is  so  modern  compared  to  it  that  America 
seems  like  her  next  youngest  sister  learning  her  A.  B,  C,  from  the  same 
horn-book,  and  her  civilization  from  the  same  fountain  head.  Here  was 
the  goal  we  started  from,  and  from  this  European  foundation  let  us  build 
up  the  Historical  Geography  in  our  own  continent. 

Here  came  the  Spanish,  the  French,  the  English  and  the  Dutch,  assert- 
ing their  respective  claims  to  it,  backed  by  the  swonL  Europe  was  up  in 
arms  to  fortify  and  adjust  these  trans- Atlantic  claims;  but  the  issue  was 
finally  settled  by  very  eccentric  turns  in  the  fortunes  of  war. 

As  the  English  colonies  gradually  took  on  the  forms  of  nationality. 

new  questions  vexed  the  brains  of  kings,  and  new  issues  complicated  the 

situation  till  the  thirteen  English  colonies  found  themselves  confederated 

:her  by  a  political  destiny  that  self-preservation  had  made  necessary. 

The  seedling  stalk  had  now  become  the  trunk.  It  bent  before  the 
storm  that  assailed  it,  but  did  not  break,  and  here  began  the  political 
history  of  North  America,  released  from  the  toils  of  effete  political  bonds. 
The  shackles  to  American  progress  were  cast  off,  and  thrown  into  the 
ocean,  that  was  strewn  with  the  wrecks  of  royal  ambition. 

From  this  time  forward  the  United  States  transcended  the  influence  of 
foreign  powers  on  North  American  soil,  and  its  geographical  changes 
were  largely  fashioned  by  her  sword  or  controlled  by  her  diplomacy. 

Geography  is  the  father  of  History.  In  prehistoric  times  Asia  emptied 
her  teeming  population  into  Europe.  It  was  the  Mediterranean  sea  that 
enticed  this  migration,  and  on  its  friendly  shores  a  new  civilization  was 
created,  that  never  could  have  grown  into  being  in  Asia,  There  was  no 
other  sea  iu  the  world  that  bisected  the  lands  of  a  hemisphere,  and  rolled 
its  tide  against  two  continents,  all  the  way  through  a  rone  of  mildness. 

When  this  human  wave  moved  along  its  northern  shore,  the  lakes, 
rivers  and  valleys  of  Europe,  possessing  the  elements  necessary  for  the 


EH8TQRICAL   I  PHY, 

growth  of  nations — here  they  began,  and  under  new  conditions  have 
come  up  to  their  present  standard  in  law  and  religion,  essentially  differ- 
•  •nt  from  that  of  Asia. 

The  next  great  human  wave  crossed  the  Atlantic,  say  three  thousand 
n  later  than  that  which  came  from  Asia  to  Europe,  where  it  found  a 
continent  equally  propitious  to  national  growth,  but  without  as  many 
i  u]  »hical  subdivisions  suited  to  the  wants  of  separate  nations  asbound- 
I.    For  this  reason  America  has  now,  and  ever  must  have,  a  less 
number  of  nations  than  Europe,  compared  to  its  area,  for  want  of  geo- 
graphical limits  to  each,  if  for  no  other  cause. 

Let  us  commence  with  the  dawn  of  geographical  science,  and  briefly 
follow  its  slow  progress  as  it  discovered  its  path  by  the  light  of  tin- 
fro  m  place  to  place  over  the  wilderness,  plains  of  unknown  lands  and  the 
wilder  domain  of  the  ocean. 

Greece  is  the  spot  to  begin  at,  for  whatever  Egypt,  Phoenicia,  Arabia, 
Persia  or  India  knew  before  its  time,  such  knowledge  was  a  sealed  book 
to  Europe  till  she  (Greece)  had  produced  a  new  edition  of  the  work, 
enlarged  and  improved. 

Homer,  who  lived  in  the  tenth  or  ninth  century  before  the  Christian 
era,  traveled  through  Greece,  the  island  of  Crete,  and  along  the  Phoeni- 
cian coast  of  the  Mediterranean  sea,  which  countries  he  described  with 
comparative  accuracy.  Beyond  these,  on  every  hand,  were  the  creations 
of  fancy,  told  in  poetry  and  mythology  by  others  before  him,  as  well  as 
himself  and  some  who  succeeded  him. 

To  illustrate  the  geography  of  his  time  this  accompanying  map  has 
been  inserted.     No  map  had  ever  been  made  at  so  early  a  period,  and 
this  has  been  distorted  to  represent  with  as  much  fidelity  as  possible  \vhat 
Homer,  Hesiod  and  others  described*    The  distortion  of  the  porti 
pied  by  Greece,  Phoenicia  and  Egypt  mi^lit  si"-m  un 
made  in  accordance  with  some  of  the  earliest  iu,<;  >untry. 

of  which  have  '»een  prc^-rved.     No  positively  accurate  map-  of  am 
of  the  European  world  -  previous  to  th'  -try. 

and  none  of  the  western  world,  fora  century  or  m»re  lat<-r. 

The  eastern  portions  of  tl !'•  Mediterranean  sea  are  aH  the  parts  of  the 

lii-re  presented  which  can  be  recogni/.'-  1  U  approaching  .-orrcri 
Beyond  this  then  known  part  of  the  world,  in  every  direction  \\ 
for  romance  and  mythology  only,  as  will  l»  readily  se.  n,  and  -till  I- 


HISTORICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


95 


these  lands  of  fabled  wonders  rolled  the  ocean  around  them,  to  whose 
limits  no  bounds  had  been  set,  even  in  imagination. 

This  map  is  based  on  the  popular  idea  at  that  time  that  the  earth  •was 
a  plain,  circular  in  form,  of  which  Greece  occupied  the  center.  Beneath 
its  surface  were  the  infernal  regions,  where  the  wicked  were  punished, 


and  the  entrance  to  this  abode  was  located  near  the  western  extremity 
of  the  borders  of  night,  where  the  Cimerians  dwelt,  a  happy  people, 
though  enveloped  in  perpetual  twilight  or  under  a  clouded  sky,  but  prob- 


96  HISTORI'  KU'IIY. 

ably,  not  total  darkness,  as  some  writers  assort  to  have  been  the  supposi- 
tion. 

TIIK  NAMK  im-KKISOKEANS 

Has  a  signification  on  which  much  has  been  written  in  ancient  cla- 
Tli.   .irk-in  of  the  liiiinan  race  has  1*  -en   trac,-.l  from  tin-in  in  speculative 

y.  fortified  by  the  wdl  known  fact  tliat  northern  peoples  have  1 
infusing  fresh  blood  into  the  veins  of  southern  nations,  ever  since  the 
•••Is  of  history  hciran;  hence,  tliis  people  were  supposed  by  the  ancients 
to  enjoy  an  iniinunity  from  the  cares  and  iUs  of  ordinary  mortals,  and 
the  term  of  their  lives  was  set  at  a  thousand  years. 

THE  I^ESTRYOONES 

Were  a  giant  race  of  cannibals,  according  to  the  mythology  of  that  age. 

THE  KLYSIAN  ISLANDS, 

Whose  name  suggests  their  signification,  were  located  on  the  western 
borders  of  the  world,  and  guarded  by  nymphs  of  the  river  ocean. 
THE  LOTOPHAGI 

were  a  race  of  people  who  lived  on  a  plant  called  the  lotus.  The  names 
Cyclops,  Cave  of  u3£olus,  Pigmies  and  Amazons  are  classical  and  mytho- 
logical. Other  names  on  the  map  need  no  explanation  as  they  are 
approximately  correct  as  to  their  locality  and  well  known  to  history. 

Tha'.es  and  Anaximander,  who  lived  in  the  fifth  century,  B.  C.,  were 
the  first  Europeans  to  take  up  the  subject  of  geography  on  scientific 
principles, 

Thales  studied  astronomy  at  Memphis,  in  Egypt,  and  could  calculate 
eclipses,  but  not  their  exact  day  or  hour.  He  corrected  the  Egyptian 
calendar  from  360  to  365  days  to  the  year,  but  this  correction  was  not 
immediately  adopted  by  the  Kgyptians. 

Anaximaiider,  his  pupU,  was  the  first  one  to  map  out  the  earth,  or 
latlu-r  such  parts  of  it  as  were  then  known.* 

the  second  one  entrusted  with   the  care  of  the  A! 

(lri;;n  library,  says:  "  The  chief  ,1,-i-n  of  this  map  was  to  make  a  mathe- 
matical division  of  the  whole  earth,  rather  than  a  delineation  of  the  land 


*  Previous  to  this,  maps  of  sjieci.-il  localities   had  been  made  by  the 
before  the  Helenic  Age  of  Greece,  for  a  description 
iiirh  see  ( '.  P.  I  »alv's  address  of  1879  before  the  American  Geograph- 
ical S<n-i.-t\ 


HISTORICAL   GEOGRAPHY.  97 

and  water  on  it."  It  was  called  a  sphere  by  some  of  the  early  writers, 
and  said  to  have  been  made  on  metal.  The  description  of  it  by  Eratos- 
thenes would  favor  this  inference. 

Hecataeus,  who  was  born  549  years  B.  C.,  wrote  a  book  of  "  Travels 
Round  the  Earth,"  giving  a  description  of  the  Mediterranean  sea  and 
Southern  Asia,  as  far  as  India.  He  also  made  a  map  which  improved 
Anaximander's  map,  inserting  in  it,  besides  other  matter,  the  rivers  and 
stations  from  the  eastern  coast  of  the  ^gean  sea  to  Susa,  at  that  time 
the  capital  of  the  Persian  empire,  situated  one  hundred  miles  north  of 
the  extremity  of  the  Persian  gulf.  Long  since  it  has  been  lying  in  rums. 
This  map  was  taken  to  Sparta  by  Aristagones,  a  Grecian  historian,  and 
presented  to  King  Cleomenes  for  examination  previous  to  the  Ionian 
Revolt,  whence  no  trace  of  it  has  come  to  light,  but  in  The  Lan.  &  Lit. 
of  Ancient  Greece,  by  Mure,  Vol.  IV.,  a  copy  of  it  is  inserted,  drawn 
from  recorded  descriptions. 

Thales,  Anaximander  and  Hecatseus  were  all  of  Grecian  stock,  born  at 
Miletus,  the  capital  of  Ionia,  colonized  from  Crete. 

Herodotus,  who  was  born  B.  C. ,  484,  at  Halicarnasus,  a  Dorian  city  of 
Greece,  was  the  next  to  contribute  to  the  still  very  small  knowledge  of 
geography  then  current  at  the  literary  emporium  of  Europe.  He  pub- 
lished a  map  of  the  travels  he  made,  a  fae  simile  copy  of  which,  is  here- 
with reproduced,  taken  from  the  geography  of  Herodotus.  It  only  shows 
the  countries  he  visited,  and  not  the  names  of  the  hundreds  of  cities  and 
many  rivers,  etc. ,  which  his  books  describe. 

By  comparing  this  map  with  that  of  what  was  known  of  the  world  in 
Homer's  time,  it  will  be  seen  that  discoveries  had  been  made  in  every 
direction.  On  the  west  was  the  Pillars  of  Hercules,  on  the  south,  the 
Great  Desert  of  Africa,  the  Red  sea  and  the  Arabian  sea,  which  he  calls 
the  Erythraean  sea.  On  the  east  was  India  and  the  rivers  Indus,  Tigris 
and  Euphrates,  and  the  Caspian  sea,  and  on  the  north  the  Black  sea,  which 
he  calls  the  Euxine,  and  many  towns  which  the  geography  of  Herodotus 
mentions,  that  are  not  put  down  on  the  map  here  shown.* 

Herodotus  was  an  accomplished  writer,  much  quoted,  but  was  not  a 
profound  scholar,  like  his  predecessors  who  had  established  scientific 


*  This  map  is  a  fac  simile  of  Bokirk's  which  he  published  to  illustrate 
ancient  geography.  It  was  reproduced  by  T.  Talbot  Wheeler,  and  from 
the  latter  copied  for  this  work. 


HISTORICAL 


principles  in  geography.  \\hile  In-  had  only  described  countries.  He  evi- 
dent ly  h;ul  no  just  conceptions  of  the  spherical  form  of  tho  earth. 

He  says:  "  The  (Jn-eks  on  tin-  I'oiitus   say  tiiat  the    i  r.  logins 

at  the  place  where  the  sun  rises,  and  that  it  flows  round  the  whole 
earth,  hut  they  do  not  prove  it.  *  *  *  The  IM-I-SOM  11  catBBUB,  who 
speaks  about  the  ocean, since  he  has  referred  \;\<  account  to  some  obscure 
fable,  produces  no  conviction.  I  know  of  no  such  river  at  all.  Homer, 
p  -rhaps,  or  some  other  of  the  earlier  poets,  finding  the  name,  introduced 
it  into  poetry." 


SKETCH  OF  THE  ANCIEMT  WORU) 

ACCORDING  TO 

HERODOTUS 


(IeoLT:i]>liy  as  a  scienc<>  had  now  pi-o-r.-s. -d  sufficiently  to  cause  spec- 
ulation as  t<>  -rand  divisions  of  the  world,  and  names  for  each. 

The  most  imjMirtant  of  these  to  the  (Jrecians  was  the  one  on  which  they 
Its  inhal'itants  were  wliivr  than  tin-  Ivryptians  and  ( 'artha^'mansj 
on  the  south  side  of  the  Mediterranean  sea,  and  they  named  it 

:•  >PE, 

i    oml  i.m    word.  Urappa.  which   si.Liiilies  "The    land  of  fair 

ftme  \\;is  tiiVi  ap]»lied.  on'y  t<>  theii  ii\:  and  as 

:ill  Europe 
divided  tr  I  then  kno\\TL, 


HISTORICAL   GEOGRAPHY*  99 

Another  derivation  of  the  name  is  from  Europa,  daughter  of  the  King 
of  Tyre,  of  Phoenicia,  whose  fame  is  invested  with  classic  in)  thology. 
The  name 

ASIA 

Has  an  earlier  origin  than  that  of  Europe.  Homer  derives  it  from  a  city 
of  Lydia,  of  that  name,  where  ancient  geography  was  studied. 

Herodotus  says:  "  According  to  the  Lydians,  Asia  was  called  after 
Asius;  hence  a  tribe  in  Sardis  was  called  the  Asian  tribe."  There  was  a 
Lydian  poet  of  that  name  (Asius).  Did  Herodotus  mean  him? 

Other  Greek  authors  give  Asia,  the  daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Thetis,  as 
the  origin  of  the  name.  A  mythological  source,  but  not  necessarily  an 
improbable  one. 

The  Greeks  gave  the  name  Libya  to  the  country  south  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, but  not  without  discussion,  whether  the  Nile  or  the  Arabian  gulf 
was  the  dividing  line  between  it  and  Asia;  that  is,  before  the  true  mag- 
nitude of  this  gulf  was  made  known  to  them  by  Herodotus.  Hitherto 
they  had  only  seen  its  northern  extremities,  which  were  jagged  inlets, 
and  knew  nothing  of  the  watery  belt  which  these  inlets  formed  to  the 
ocean.  Subsequently  they  gave  the  name  Africa  Propria  to  Caitliage, 
and  later  still  Caesar  gave  the  name 

NEW  AFRICA 

To  Numidia,  a  province  adjoining  the  then  Roman  Province  of  Car- 
thage. Ultimately  the  name  designated  the  whole  peninsular  continent. 

The  Punic  word  Feric— an  ear  of  corn — has  been  given  by  linguists  as 
the  origin  of  the  name,  which  seems  consistent  with  the  fame  of  Egypt, 
its  northern  part,  for  producing  cereals. 

In  this  age  of  rapid  transit  from  one  part  of  the  world  to  another  and 
equally  rapid  exchange  of  ideas,  it  seems  almost  incredible,  that  (hvere 
alone  was  the  great  dispensatory  to  Europe  of  learning  and  philosophy, 
when  Egypt,  Phoenicia  and  Carthage,  all  situated  on  the  shores  of  the 
same  sea,  had  for  ages,  even  before  the  days  of  Homer,  enjoyed  a  high 
state  of  civilization  and  learning. 

While  Greece  had  been  emerging  from  barbarism  and  making  advances 
in  civilization,  the  Phoenician  cities  of  Tyre  and  Sidon  had  explored  the 
entire  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  sea  with  their  trading  vessels,  in  doing 
which  they  had  founded  the  city  of  Carthage,  the  lirst  great  rival  of 
Rome.  They  also  founded  Marseilles,  of  France,  and  Cadiz,  of  Spain, 


HlsioKirAI.    01  OGBAPHY. 


both  of  which  have  survived  the  changes  tlirou-li  which  the  countries  in 
which  they  are  situated  h;i\.  •-  ed  tlieir  identity  to  the 

pre-M-m  «l;iy.  Marseilles  was  called  by  its  founders  Massalia,  Cadiz  they 
called  (Jades,  from  <  iaddin.  the  m-'anin-of  which  in  the  Pho-nician 
language  was  the  western  extremity  of  the  world. 

This  name  was  alx.  applied  by  them  t-  »  the  Straits  of  Gibralter,  called 
the   Pillars  of    Hercules   by  the   ancient   Grecians,  as  well  as   the 
Phoenicians  before  them, 

Lempricre  says  that  the  Plio-nicians  dedicated  a  temple  to  Hercules  on 
the  Island  of  (lades,  beyond  the  straits,  which  is  conclusive  evidence, 
that  the  (irecians  inherited  this  divinity  from  them,  as  it  was  before  the 
days  of  Homer,  when  (lades  wa>  di~;>overed,  and  received  its  name  from 
the  Plneniciaiis. 

After  the  Pho-nicians  had  passed  through  this  "  jumping  off  place," 
and  unveiled  its  inyMvries.  t!ie  Carthage-mans  followed,  and  in  tlieir 
wanderings  down  the  cua.-t  of.  Africa  discovered  the  Fortunate  Islands. 
now  the(  .  nai  i  s.  To  the  Ph<«-nicians  traded  with  the  ancient 

Britons,  exchanging  the  precious  wares  of  Sidon  for  the  tin  of  Cornwall. 

These  i      were  unknown  to  the  Greeks,  who  had  all  the  while- 

been  speculating  in  geographical  science,  like  a  young  student  without  a 
master. 

She,  like  all  the  rest  of  Europe,  in  her  earliest  days,  was  uncivilized 
and  unlearned,  but  there  was  something  in  her  geographical  positi.  >: 
well  as  in  her  blood  that  stimulated  her  to  improve  her  condition. 

She  iK'ver  IK  came  a  wealthy  state  like  Phoenicia  or  Persia,  to  the  ca.-t 
of  her,  but  she  rose  to  a  far  hi-her  grade  of  civilization  than  any  of  h«  r 
older  but  elfete  neighbors,  who  lived  in  luxurious  palaces  while  she.  ten- 
anted in  hum  study  from  the  groat  hook  of  nature, 

and  continued  her  researches  till  she  became  the  fountain  head,  wh 
the  learning.  fir>t  of  Rome,  and  subsequently  all  Europe  began,  and  grew 
t«.  its  perfection  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

Thoii-h  I'  >-ian  literature  is  not  offensive  to  the  sentiment  of 

the  ninet.  «  nth  century:  but  indispensable  to  the  wants  of  its  institu; 
of  learnin    .  as  \\.-ll  as  il^  >tate  policy  and  its  morals. 

Only  brii  f  accounts  of   1'ho-nician  and  (  'artha.ueiiian  discoveries  have 

1.      After   their  ships  had    passed  the   Pillars  of    lleivults, 

ian   literature   informs  us   that    they  continued  their  discoveries  till 

ll  iev  had  visited  tli-  :  the  ancient  Britons  OB  the  north,  and  south- 


HISTORICAL    GEOGRAPHY.  101 

wardly  had  followed  the  coast  of  Africa  nearly  to  the  equator,  but  their 
discoveries  were  not  followed  by  any  practical  results.  They  took  pains 
to  preserve  their  secret  from  other  nations,  lest  their  monopoly  of  the 
commerce  of  the  then  known  world  should  be  broken,  and  its  profits 
shared  by  commercial  rivals. 

Pending  this  inert  regime,  Alexander,  the  great  Macedonian,  carried 
his  conquests  through  Asia  Minor  to  the  river  Indus,  and  as  Strabo  justly 
observes,  "made  known  the  East." 

He  was  the  first  European  to  open  commercial  relations  on  a  grand 
scale  with  the  country  that  is  now  British  India. 

THE  CITY    OF   ALEXANDRIA 

Was  built  at  the  deltas  of  the  Nile,  as  the  commercial  emporium  of  the 
Mediterranean,  in  which  to  concentrate  trade  from  the  far  East.  Mer- 
chandise was  transported  from  India  up  the  Red  sea,  thence  over-land 
to  the  Nile,  and  down  its  waters  to  Alexandria,  thence  to  countries 
toward  the  west. 

This  route  had  less  land  carriage  than  that  which  the  Phoenicians  and 
Carthagenians  hitherto  had  used;  and  Alexandria  soon  became  the  princi- 
pal commercial  emporium  of  Europe.  The  map  herewith,  which  is  copied 
from  Freeman,  shows  the  countries  conquered  by  Alexander,  and  also 
the  Indies,  whose  trade  was  so  coveted  by  the  ancients.  It  is  worthy  of 
mention  that  his  conquests  covered  the  present  territory  of  British  India, 
that  grand  old  country  whence  came  the  sacred  books  of  the  prehistoric 
ages.  They  also  embraced  Egypt,  not  less  distinguished  for  her  ancient 
learning. 

Macedon  was  not  geographically  suited  to  enter  into  this  trade,  but 
Egypt  had  an  advantage  over  all  the  other  nations  along  the  shores  of 
the  Mediterranean  in  water  carriage  to  India,  and  this  natural  facility 
did  not  escape  the  eye  of  Alexander,  who  even  in  his  military  fame  did 
not  lose  sight  of  the  practical. 

This  map  does  not  extend  far  enough  east  to  show  Carthage,  but  it  ccn 
be  seen  on  the  one  following  it. 

The  dynasty  of  the  Ptolemies  in  Egypt  was  begun  by  one  of  Alexan- 
der's generals,  and  continued  till  R.  C.  30,  when  this  kingdom  waj 
reduced  to  a  Roman  province  by  Augustus. 

During  all  this  time  Egypt  was  a  resort  for  the  literati  of  the  then 
known  world,  to  consult  the  Alexandrian  library,  which  had  been  estab- 
lished there  by  Ptolemy  Philadelphins,  about  B.  C.  280.  Euclid,  the 
father  of  geometry,  was  his  tutor. 


The  map  herewith  shows  the  Roman  Empire  in  its  greatest  extent,  its 
limits  being  indicated  by  a  dotted  line  and  by  rivers.  Britain,  all  but  the 
Northern  part,  the  land  of  Picts  and  Scots,  was  included  in  it. 


HI-  -i:\PHT. 

NOTES.— In  themapof  the  donihrons  of  Alexander  it  will  be  snrn  thnt 
bis  empire  extends  much  farther  to  tin-  ea-t  than  that  «.f  |k'..ii,' 

in    the  map  of  the  Roman    Kmpire.      IJoth    empires    included    <Ji> 

it  and  the  countries  on  the  eastern  borders  of  tin    Mediterranean 
and  Black  seas. 

Neither  empire  ever  extended  mueh  north  of  the  Danube.     Here 
the  tribes,  who,  savage  and  uncivili/ed  as    they  were,  wen-  the  fathers 
of  tin' present  nations  of  Central   Kurope,  through  a  line  of  inheritance, 
too  intricate  to  unravel  without  a  lifetime  of  study.     Nor  is  it   m •< ••  -»ary 
to  trace  this  thread  of  European  history,  in  order   to  note  the  pro. 
of  geographical  science,  from  its  begmningB,  on  the  shores  of  the  Medi- 
terranean sea.  to  its  growth  and  development  on  the  continent  of  North 
America,     The  maps  herewith,   while  they   illustrate    the  pi 
geography,  do  not  by  any  means    illustrate  ancient  hi>tory.     The  I.,  -t 
epitome  and  the  best  map  illustrations  of  that  intricate  subied  may  be 
found  in  Labberton's  Historical    Atlas,  the  merits  of  which  chall- 
honorable  mention  in  these  columns. 

Though  the  Normans  or  Scandinavians  were  hardly  known  in  hist<>ry 
A.  D.  117,  the  era  represented  by  the  map  of  the  Roman  Kmpin 
their  country  is  located  to  show  when-  they  subsequently  came  from. 
and  made  their  power  felt  throughout  Europe,  from  their  native  land. 
so  remote  from  the  more  effeminate,  though  aggressive  nations  of  its 
Southern  borders.  Except  these  Norman  names  this  ma})  is  a  copy  of 
Freeman's. 

The  map  of  the  dominions  of  Alexander  is  also  copied  from  Freeman, 
which  shows  the  country  as  it  was  K  C.  :W5.  Hut  it  ou;;ht.  in  justice 
to  Mr.  Freeman,  to  be  stated,  that  the  name  Pluenicia.  at  the  eastern 
extremity  of  the  Mediterranean  sea.  has  been  added,  not  to  give  the  pn  m- 
i.-c,  that  the  Phoenicians  were  ]>ositively  there  at  that  time  in  th«'ir 
glory,  but  to  show  where  they  bad  been,  when  they  \\ .  n  the  great 
power  on  this  "  Great  Sea,"  as  it  was  then  called. 

HIPPARCHUS, 

A  native  of  Nicse,  of  Macedonian  stock,  made  great  improvements  to  the 
astronomy  of  Thales.  He  was  the  first  to  observe  that  the  summer 
interval  between  the  vernal  and  autumnal  equinox,  wa^  seven  day- 
longer  than  the  winter  interval  between  the  autumnal  and  the  vernal; 
hence,  the  elongated  or  eccentric  form  of  the  earth's  orbit. 

He  divided  the  starry  firmament  into  forty-nine  constellations,  and 
gave  many  names  to  stars.  Ho  also  divided  the  globe  into  sections  by 
parallels  of  latitude  and  longitude,  reckoning  longitude  from  the  Canary 
Islands,  the  same  as  we  reckon  from  ( Ireenwieh. 

"Without  mentioning  th-  iphtin  who 

wrote  on  g.-«.::raphy  and  aMnmomv  previous  to  the  age  of  Ptolemy, 


HISTORICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


105 


!'"'•  HISTORIC  M.    GBOQI  \1'HV. 

let  us  con-id. T   flic  \v..rl.s  of  thi.-  raphers  of  ancient 

date.  He  was  horn  at  I'elusium,  on  t  he  Nile,  in  the  lii>t  century.  Ili^ 
name  would  indicate  that  In-  was  of  Macedonian  origin.  The  Ptolemy 
map.  herewith  shown,  is  a  reduction  of  his  map  published  by  (Jio  Malom- 
Itra.  in  Venice  in  1571,  with  the  mountains  left  out  to  give  more  room 
for  the  names. 

A  few  names  have  been   added,  but  the  main  features  of  it  are 
work  of  the  great  originator  himself. 

It  is  an  older  copy  than   the  writ'-r  has  hitherto  seen  reproduced  jn 
Kn-lish   literature,  and  consequently  the  most  valuable,  as  it  nppr 
mates  nearer  to  the  lirst  design  of  its  author. 

In  offering  this  map  to  the  public  he  calls  it,  as  translated  literally, 
"  \\~cnj  "/•  iiKDiucr  of  making  thr  description  of  the  world  <m  a  plane 
which  trill  hnrc  proportionate  measure  and  correspondence  u-ith  that 
jrliicJi  /s  round  <>r  xphrrical  form.'1 

Again  he  says  :     "  The  whole  of  the  globe  which  tJie  rarfh   fntd   tlir 
wiiti-r  miHprisrs  is  divided  into  360  degrees.""    As  his  map  shows.  In- 
only  gives  Europe,  Asia  and  Northern  Africa,  and  from  reading  his 
geography,  an  impression  prevails  that  the  side  antipodal  to  these  con- 
•  f  water. 

Southern  Africa  he  does  not  attempt  to  show,  as  it  was  not  known  in 
his  time. 

In  his  book  entitled  "  Great  Construction,"  he  gives  the  position  of 
!  fixed  stars,  placing  the  earth  in  the  center  of  them.  in  of 

ii i\  was  the  accepted  one,  till  that  of 

COPER M 

Had  substituted  it  in  the  sixteenth  century.  We  have  now  very  briefly 
followed  fche  pro.uTe-s  ,,f  geography  and  astronomy  down  to  the  first 
century  of  the  Christian  era,  and  even  then  how  little  was  known  in 
detail  of  the  world. 

All  A-ia.  except  the  southwestern  }>ort ion.  all  Africa.  «-xc,-pt  th«   B\ 
of  the  M.  (liirrraneaii  and  Red  seas,  the  northern  j>ortion  of  Kurop.-  and 
the  entire  western  hemi^pher  j  b.  hind  the  veil  which  geograph- 

ical and  a-tronomi  re  defined  tolift. 

The  ronijiir-N  of  Rome  hud  B]  i'  the   known  world,  alii 

the  aecoinpanying  map  copied  from  Kn-eman  will  show.  Arabia  had 
not  lii-en  mHnded  ii,  it  63  •••rthi-rn  V( 

'anil  and  Si-andinavia  h  1  it. 


108  BttTOBIOAI    '  'HY. 

!M. AN  \TIM\S.     The  names  on  tliis  map  are  in   Latin,  ns  will  he  » 
The  h«-;ivy  line  running  through  Indieum  Marc  (the  Indiai  tli" 

e«|uator.  'Tin-  left    hand  column   running  north  and  south   of    this  line 

3  temperature  by  nunil>«-rs,  the  equator  being  number.  <1  1'J,  the 
numbers  increasing  by  fractious  and  integers,  both  northwardly  and 
southwardly,  oil"  the" coast  of  l.ybia  lie  gives  the  name,  Mare  Atlanti- 
cuin  (Atlantic  Ocean),  and  south  of  this  name  he  gives  the  ( 'anary 
Islands,  then  called  Fortunate  Inlands,  and  put  down  by  him  Fortunate. 
To  the  north  he  gives  1 1  ihernia  ( Ireland*  and  Albion  (England),  across  the 
channel  from  which  is(Jallia  (France)  and  Hispania  (Spain).  The  <  • 

the  Mediterranean)  he  does  not  name,  but  gives  names  of  islands  in 
it  familiar  to  our  present  geography.     Many  other  names  to  the  east  on 
this  map  may  readily  he  identified  with  present  names.     In  his  «1. 
line  both  on   the  north   and  on  the  south,  he  numbers  the  longitudinal 
lines  as   we   do  now.  hut   gives  only  180  degrees,   which   shows  that    he 
intended  that  his  map  should  represent  only  one-half  of   the  globe.     In 
the  right  hand  column  he  numbers  the  parallels  of  latitude,  from  which 
it  will  readily  be  seen,  that   his  map  stopped  on  the  north  at  68 
not  attempting  to  show  to  UO  degrees  at  the  pole,  and  on  the  south  stopped 
at  I")  degi 

ROME, 

Even  in  the  zenith  of  her  glory,  did  not  venture  to  attack  these  nations. 
or  rather  tribes,  whose  poverty  did  not  tempt  invasion,  or  if  it  did,  whose 
ferocity  forbade  it.  But  when  Rome  had  reached  these  limits  her  ag- 
gressive policy  began  to  tone  down  to  a  defensive  one. 

Ca?sar  invaded  Ancient  Briton  to  strengthen  his  Gallic  possessions, 
but  he  did  not  venture  far  into  the  island.  The  real  conquest  of  Britain 
wu-  mad-'  by  Agricola,  A.  D.  6t. 

It  is  now  an  un>olved  problem  what  portion  of  the  fathers  of  the  pres- 
ent English  race  succumbed  to  the  Roman  arms,  but  the  best  ethnologi- 
cal research  credits  but  a  small  one.  giving  by  far  the  great"]-  portion  to 
the  Saxons,  who  inhabited  the  country  across  the  North  sea.  on  the  Elbe 
and  the  \Veis--r.  and  to  the  Normans  of  Scandinavia,  who  then  as  now 
inhabited  Norway.  Sweden  ami  Denmark. 

1>  .-line  ami  fall  of  thu  Roman  Empire  dates  from  its  division  under 
;.  \.  D.  302,  to  the  taking  of  Constantinople  by  Mahomet.  II. 
Ma\  '.".'.  A.  D.  l-l'ill.  To  this  place  the  seat  of  tin-  Roman  Empire  had 
been  removed  by  Constaiitine.  A.  D.  :'>•>.  and  here  (Ireeian  and  Roman 
literature  had  been  preserved,  through  all  the  centuries  of  destructive 
warfare  that  had  been  visited  upon  the  empire  during  its  decline. 

Down  to  the  tic  tantine  Rome  had  been  1'agan.    He  embraced 

ChriMianity,  and  as  a  prudential  measure    felt  the  necessity  of  trar, 


HISTORICAL    GEOGRAPHY.  109 

ring  the  seat  of  government  to  another  place.  The  selection  was  the 
best  which  Europe  afforded,  in  a  commercial  point  of  view. 

It  had  long  been  known  in  classic  poetry  and  history  as  Byzantium, 
and  to  this  day,  European  nations  look  upon  it  with  covetous  eyes, 
none  of  which  are  allowed  to  take  it  from  Turkey,  lest  so  valuable  an 
acquisition,  in  the  hands  of  a  thrifty  nation,  would  give  it  a  dangerous 
vantage  ground  over  the  rest  of  Europe. 

The  Ottoman  conquest,  which  crushed  out  the  last  vestige  of  Roman 
power  at  the  taking  of  Constantinople,  together  with  other  wars  in  those 
eventful  centuries,  brought  to  light  the  general  geography  of  Europe, 
but  less  by  the  aid  of  science,  than  by  the  practical  work  of  invading 
armies,  and  the  exodus  of  nations,  or  rather  tribes,  from  one  locality  to 
another. 

This  work  went  on  till  nearly  all  Europe  was  changed  from  the  tran- 
sient abiding  places  of  peoples,  bound  together  only  by  confederated 
compacts,  to  its  present  conditions  of  nationalities,  whose  respective  coun- 
tries are  sharply  defined  by  limits;  and  whose  state  policy  is  under  con- 
trol of  an  emperor,  a  king  or  a  constitution. 

While  other  nations  had  done  the  rough  hewing  for  this  work,  it  was 
reserved  for  the  Normans  to  give  it  its  finishing  touches. 

In  speaking  of  this  people,  says  Macaulay,  referring  to  their  establish- 
ing themselves  in  Normandy,  France,  in  912  :  "  Their  valor  and  ferocity 
had  made  them  conspicuous  amongst  the  rovers  whom  Scandinavia  had 
sent  forth  to  ravage  western  Europe.  *  *  *  At  length  one  of  the 
feeble  heirs  of  Charlemagne  ceded  to  the  strangers  a  fertile  province 
(Normandy).  In  it  they  founded  a  mighty  state.  *  *  *  The  Nor- 
mans rapidly  acquired  all,  and  more  than  all,  the  knowledge  and  refine- 
ments which  they  found  in  the  country  where  they  settled.  Their  cour- 
age secured  their  territory  against  foreign  invasion.  They  established 
internal  order,  such  as  had  long  been  unknown  in  the  Frank  empire. 
That  chivalrous  spirit  which  has  exerted  so  powerful  an  influence  on  the 
morals  and  the  manners  of  the  European  nations,  was  found  in  its  exul- 
tation among  the  Norman  nobles." 

This  race  was  of  gothic  extraction,  and  had  wandered  in  prehistoric 
tunes  to  the  extreme  north  of  Europe,  there  to  harden  up,  ready  to  take 
a  hand  in  the  remodeling  of  the  continent,  after  the  waste  that  had 
marked  the  fall  of  Rome. 

In  the  twelfth  century  they  founded  the  kingdom  of  The  Two  Sicilies  in 


11"  MY. 

the  heart  of  the  Roman  Krnpire,  and  put  to  flight  the  Roman  armies  who 
!  sentinels  over  this  provinee.  But  ere  they  had  dom- this,  aiul  ere 
they  had  established  their  dynasty  in  Great  Britain,  their  niarin.Ts  had 
turned  the  bows  of  their  small  vessels  westwardly  and  dix  ,,\  en-<l 
land  in  A.  D.  Win.  In  s7(  a  Norwegian  colony  was  planted  there,  and 
has  held  tho  country  ever  since.  In  'jsr,  ( In-enland  was  di-e«,vered  and 
coloni/ed  by  them.  In  A.  D.  1000  Hiorn  was  driven  by  a  prolonged 
from  the  coast  of  Greenland  within  si^lit  of  an  island  off  tin-  CO.-M  of 
North  America,  whence  he  returned  with  the  first  favorable  wind. 
Induced  by  his  report  of  western  lands,  Eric  the  Red,  in  100'J,  sailed 
with  thirty -five  men  to  make  discoveries  in  the  same  direction.  He 
reached  the  coast  seen  by  Biorn,  and  steering  along  it  in  a  southerly 
direction,  he  came  to  a  heavily  wooded  shore  which  he  named  Markland 
(the  country  of  wood).  Farther  along  he  found  a  p\>  liore  with 

safe  anchorage,  where  he  landed  and  built  huts.     The  country  abounded 
in  grapes,  for  which  reason  he  named  it  Vineland. 

In  three  years  this  force  returned  to  Greenland.     In  1007  a  wealthy 
Greenlander,  named  Thorfin,  sailed  for  Vineland  with  sixty  follo\< 
among  whom  were  his  wife  Gudrida  and  five  other  women.     These 
adventurers  traded  with  the  natives  three  years,  when  Thorfm.  with  his 
wife  and  their   son  Snorra,  the  first  white  child  born  in   th> 
hemisphere,  returned  to  Iceland,  where  Thorfin  died  a  fe^ 

The  wido w,  after  the  death  of  her  husband,  made  a  pilgrimage  to 
Rome,  as  a  pious  rite,  returned  to  Iceland  and  died'in  a  cloister  which 
her  son  had  established  there. 

Other  adventurers  followed  to  visit  Vineland,  but  could  pt  no  ti  i 
from  the  colony.     It  had  doubtless  been  destroyed  by  the  nati\ 
tured  and  adopted  by  them  into  their  ti 

Adam,  a  German  chronicler,  who  came  from  Sa\-»n\  to  I-nin.'n  in 

lies  this  Icelandic  account,  and   other  p*.d  authorit 
same, 

!>•*  were  the  result  more  of  accident  than  sHen.-.. 
they  been  made  when  Kurope  was  bent  on  opening  a   trade   with    I- 

i  Columbia'  time,  they  would  not  have  been  forgot t.-n.  but  follow. -d 
up  and  utilized. 

Since  their  date  tlie  waves  of   invasion    have  rolled  and 

•iickencd  the  ambition  of   its   nations:  -ave   them  id« 
it    in  practice  in    the  twilight  of  the   fifteenth   century,    when  now 


HISTORICAL    GEOGKAPHY.  Ill 

and  untrodden  paths  were  to  be  opened  for  human  industry  on  the  anti- 
podal portions  of  the  then  known  world. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  fifteenth  century,  the  little  state  of 
Portugal  made  herself  famous  among  the  nations  of  Europe,  by  explor- 
ing the  western  coast  of  Africa,  with  a  view  of  finding  a  passage  to  India 
by  water. 

Her  geographical  location  was  admirably  adapted  to  facilitate  such  an 
undertaking,  she  being  nearer  by  sea  to  this  coveted  goal  than  any  other 
nation  of  Europe. 

Repeated  attempts  in  this  direction,  chiefly  under  the  guidance  of 
Prince  Henry,  resulted  in  the  doubling  of  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
continent  in  1487,  but  not  till  after  the  death  of  the  prince.  The  name 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  given  to  this  point  of  land  a  few  years  later  by 
the  king,  his  father. 

This  discovery  produced  a  profound  sensation  among  the  mariners  of 
the  Mediterranean,  and  made  Portugal  a  resort  for  amateurs  in  this  new 
and  important  industry. 

Prominent  among  these  was  Christopher  Columbus,  a  native  of  Genoa. 
He  had  been  educated  in  geometry  and  astronomy,  and  had  seen  much 
service  in  his  youth  as  a  sailor,  ever  since  the  age  of  fourteen,  says  Dr. 
Roberston. 

In  1477  he  visited  Thule,  Iceland,  and  in  this  voyage  explored  the 
Northern  Ocean  as  far  as  the  73d  degree. 

After  having  served  in  a  naval  warfare  against  the  Venetians,  he  went 
to  Lisbon,  enlisted  in  the  Portuguese  service,  and  while  thus  employed 
married  the  daughter  of  Bartholomew  Prestrello,  a  mariner  who  had 
discovered  the  Madeira  Islands  during  their  explorations  down  the  Afri- 
can coast. 

Of  the  cosmographers  of  that  age,  Columbus  was  not  alone  in  his  con- 
victions that  India  could  be  reached  by  sailing  westwardly. 

The  Phoenicians,  Egyptians,  Macedonians  and  Venetians  had  carried 
on  an  overland  trade  with  India,  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  men- 
tioned, ever  since  the  grandeur  of  Tyre  and  Sidon  had  been  proverbial,* 
both  in  civil  and  canonical  history ;  and  how  to  reach  this  oriental  source 
of  wealth  by  water,  was  the  problem  to  be  solved.  In  the  solution  of 
this  question  speculations  as  to  the  dimensions  of  India,  and  how  near 


See  Robertson's  Hist,  of  India. 


112  HISTORICAL    <•;]•:••<  ;i;.\  I'll Y. 

it  was  to  the  western  shores  of  Africa  were  of  the  first  importance- 
Paul  of  Florence,  a  man  of  great  learning,  entirely  coincided  with 
Columbus,  that  the  westward  course  to  reach  India  was  the  nenr 
Ancient  Creek  antliorities  were  consulted,  and  it  was  found  that  Aristotle 
had  expressed  .-HI  opinion  that  the  Pillars  <,f  1  lercules  were  not  very  dis- 
tant from  the  eastern  coast  of  India.  Seneca,  the  Roman  moralist,  mans 
centuries  since  his  time,  had  expressed  the  same  opinion. 

It  is  said  by  ( '.  Edwards  Lester,  in  his  work  on  America,  that  Colum- 
bus conferred   with  Americas  Vespucius  on  the  subject,   and  that 
latter  expressed  an  opinion  that  India  might  be  readied  from  the  v- 
if  a  continent  then  unknown  did  not  intervene.* 

But  whatever  either  the  ancient  or  modern  scientists  thought  on  the 
subject,  Columbus  was  the  only  one  whose  zeal  led  him  to  combat  popu- 
lar prejudice,  and  take  up  the  matter  in  a  practical  way. 

His  great  designs  were   fulfilled  when  his  three  little  vessels   dro] 
their  anchors  on  the  coast  of   an   island  in  the  western  world,  on  the 
12th  of  October,  1492,  whose  native  name  was  Guanahani. 

HE  NAMED  IT  SAN  SALVADOR. 
Queen  Isabella,  of  Spain,  after  much  persuasion  from  Juan  Perez,  a 

scientific  ecclesiastic,  Louis  de  Sant  angel,  minister  of  the  crown  for  Arra- 
gon  and  Quintanilla.  minister  of  the  crown  for  Castile,  yielded  to  the 
overtures  of  Columbus,  gave  his  undertaking  her  royal  sanction,  and 
offered  to  pawn  her  jewels  to  defray  its  expei 

P>ut  Saiitangel,  in  a  transit  of  gratitude  to  the  queen,  kissed  her 
hand,  and  to  save  her  such  a  humiliation,  advanced  seventeen  thousand 
florins  from  the  treasury,  while  Perez,  the  good  ecclesiastic,  obtained 

•  riptions  among  his  parishioners,  to  furnish  one-eighth  of  the  exp« 
of  the  outfit,  which  was   the   portion  Columbus  himself  had  agreed  to 

BfdVfU 

He  visited  several  islands  on  his  first  voyage  t«»  the  We.-tern  "World,  and 
supjH)sed  them  to  be  adjacent  to  the  coast  of  A>ia. 

To  this  opinion  all  Kurope  at  first  inclined,  and  for  this  reason  the 
whole  ^ronp  were  called  the  West  India  Islands  on  Enciso's  geography 
of  iril'.i.  tlie  first  Spanish  work  to  map  the  whole  of  what  was  then  known 
in  the 


thered  the  materials  for  his  Imok  during  his  official  Ben  [08 
in  Spain  under  the  I  nit.d  Stal  im<  nt.  aUuit  U 


AMERICUS  VESPUCIUS. 


HISTORICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


115 


that  Columbus  had  discovered  islands  in  the  western  hemisphere.  The 
above  date  precedes  that  of  Columbus'  discovery  of  South  America,  and 
whether  it  was  an  island  or  a  continent  that  was  first  seen  is  a  matter  of 
indifference,  as  to  the  merit  of  originality  in  the  principle  involved. 

Cabot  did  not  stain  his  record  by  unjust  pretentious,  and  magnani- 
mously acknowledged  this  truth  by  claiming,  only  a  secondary  place  to 


E5S.iWiu.ii 


VIEW  OF  MARBLE  SLAB  EEEOTED  AT  HAVANA  IN 
HONOB  OF  CHBISTOPHEB  COLUMBUS. 

Columbus,  who,  as  he  wrote,  "  had  done  a  thing  more  divine  than 
human  to  saile  by  the  west  into  the  easte  where  spices  grow,  by  a  intijt 
that  was  never  knowne  before." 

He  was  the  first  to  express  doubts  as  to  the  lands  discovered  being  the 
Asiatic  coast.  Others  might  have  speculated  and  doubted,  but  all  the 
theories  on  the  subject,  and  all  the  maps  published  previous  to  1515,  and 
many  later  than  that,  were  based  on  the  supposition,  that  the  newly 
known  lands  belonged  to  the  Asian  coast. 

Western  discoveries  had  four  classifications,  Quattuor  Navigationes. 
Those  of  Columbus  consisted  of  the  West  India  Islands,  of  which  was 
Cuba,  at  first  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  the  Asian  coast,  and  the  northern 
coast  of  South  America. 


1  1  S  HISTORICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

ami  even  as  such  unjustly,  was   ultimately  made  to  cover  the  two  con 
t incuts  of  the  western  world. 

The  name  America  first  appeared  on  Schoner's  Globe  of  1520,  fac-sim- 
iles  of  which  have  heen  reproduced  in  several  works  on  American  his- 
tory. The  North  American  locality  of  this  map  is  a  conjectural  drawing, 
and  named  Cuba,  which  shows  that  its  projector  was  behind  the  record, 
('ul)a  having  been  sailed  around,  and  proven  to  be  an  island  in  1508. 
The  name  America  appeared  on  several  other  maps  soon  afterward, 
some  of  whose  projectors  protested  against  its  injustice. 

The  fame  of  Columbus  had  been  clouded  by  a  lack  of  official  patron 
age.  He  had  died  in  comparative  obscurity.  Americus  stood  high  in 
popular  favor,  not  only  on  account  of  his  literary  associations,  but  of  his 
connection  with  a  commercial  house  in  Seville  of  great  wealth  and 
influence,  that  furnished  outfits  for  exploring  expeditions.  Under  these 
time  serving  influences,  his  name  received  a  momentum,  that  sent  it 
beyond  the  limits,  whence  justice  could  recall  it. 

In  1541,  the  first  globular  map  of  the  celebrated  Mercator  came  out, 
the  western  part  of  which  is  herewith  produced.  It  was  the  first  radical 
change  from  the  old  (but  grand  for  its  time)  system  of  Ptolemy.  On  his 
map,  the  name  America  appeared,  half  on  North  and  the  balain •«•  on 
South  America. 

He  was  a  pet  of  Charles  V.  Why  did  not  that  mighty  monarch 
influence  him  to  put  the  name  Columbia,  instead  of  America,  on  his 
map,  which  immediately  became  famous,  and  carried  such  weight  and 
influence  with  it? 

Mercator's  map  was  the  first  that  showed  the  two  continents  connected 

I  ier  without  intervening  inlets.     It  delineated  the  general  oont<  mr  of 

both,  with  a  reasonable   approximate  to   correctness.     But  yet   nearly 

another  century  passed  before  explorers  relinquished  the  search  for  an 

inlet,  through  \vhicli  a  western  passage  to  the  Indies  could  be  made. 

The  Straits  of  Magellan,  which  its  hardy  discoverer  enter,  d  in  IfilJ), 
are  shown  on  this  map,  to  which  Mercator  gave  a  choice  of  names.  cither 
that,  or  I'ati.^onieum,  after  the  giant  race  of  natives,  that  lived  on  its 
borders.  Magellan  gave  the  name  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  whose  waters 
he  was  the  first  to  sail  over.  It  will  be  obsen  ed  that  the  name  lli>pania 
Major  is  placed  in  th»-  centre  of  the  continent  of  North  America  indicat- 
ing that  its  entire  area  \\ -as  < -1  aimed  by  Spain.  Haccalearum  Regio,  to  the 
north.  Florida  and  HH'nnia  Nova  to  the  south,  being  subdivisions  of  it. 


BH&jfZEoatm 

frfc/as 


A  M  E 


&15.FAN/A    tfAJd*- 
HAPJA  A/v/v<? 
fsaa 

^» 


120  HISTORICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

Haeealearnm  Ivegio,  meant  by  tin-  Spaniards,  the  realms  from  Florida  to 
Labrador. 

Thus  far  the  progress  of  geographical  science  has  been  followed  from 
its  dawn  on  the  Mediterranean  sea  to  what  may  justly  be  called  its 
meridian  on  the  shores  of  North  America.  Of  its  fundamental  princi- 
ples nothm^  was  left  to  be  learned,  when  the  ehann  was  dispelled  that 
ded  the  Wotern  World  to  light,  and  released  thinking  minds  from 
a  heavy  strain,  to  demonstrate  truth  on  false  premiss. 

Ever  since  the  second  century  the  geography  of  Ptolemy  had  been  the 
basis  on  which  that  of  the  entire  earth  had  been  established,  an  improve- 
ment on  which,  was  presumed  to  be  impossible,  till  practical  experiments 
had  enforced  convictions  that  logic  had  failed  to  do.  Even  for  many 
re  after  the  discovery  of  the  Western  World  cartographers,  instead  of 
making  new  projections  for  maps,  had  made  various  emendations  and 
additions  to  Ptolemy's  maps,  as  already  alluded  to. 

What  was  this  Western  World,  of  which  only  glimpses  of  its  coast  had 
been  seen  ?  Was  it  Asia,  a  group  of  large  and  small  continents  and 
islands  besprinkled  over  the  ocean  by  the  forces  of  nature,  or  was  it  an 
entire  new  continent  with  adjacent  islands? 

The  colonial  system  of  Spam  in  the  Western  World  was  begun  on  the 
island  of  Hispaniola,  St.  Domingo.  Columbus  was  its  first  governor. 
There  was  110  wealth  there  except  such  as  could  be  obtained  from  the 
soil  by  agriculture,  at  least  before  its  mineral  resources  had  been  dis- 
covered. The  colonists  were  a  wretched,  jaundiced  set  of  nondescripts, 
vainly  toiling  against  fate.  They  had  expected  to  find  gold,  but  many 
had  found  graves. 

Discontent  grew  into  open  mutiny.  Their  complaints  were  laid  before 
King  Ferdinand.  He,  too,  was  disappointed  with  the  results  of  Colum- 
bus' discoveries. 

They  did  not  pay  expenses.  The  admiral  (Columbus)  was  not  fit  for 
governor,  so  the  malcontents  said.  Under  this  strain,  the  king  sent  Fran- 
cis de  Bovadilla  to  take  his  place.  Thither  he  went,  arrested  Columbus, 
kledhim  and  sent  him  to  Spain.  Tlie  captain  of  the  vessel  on  which 
he  was  thus  ignominiously  placed,  received  his  distinguished  prisoner 
with  concealed  emotion,  put  to  sea,  was  soon  out  of  sight  of  the  new 
rnor  and  beyond  his  influence.  Under  this  immunity  from  censure, 
he  offered  to  remove  the  chains  from  him.  But  no!  The  tenacious 
admiral  determined  to  wear  them  till  removed  by  the  order  of  the  king. 


HISTORICAL  GP:OGRAPHY.  121 

On  his  arrival  at  Spain  the  news  reached  the  king's  ears,  and  orders 
promptly  came  to  set  the  prisoner  at  liberty.  Columbus  demanded  a 
restoration  to  his  governorship  of  Hispaniola,  but  this  was  refused. 
Bovadilla  was  soon  removed,  and  Ovadno  put  in  his  place,  but  discontent 
continually  arose  in  the  general  turmoil  of  the  time. 

Hispaniola  was  the  original  center  of  Spanish  power  in  the  New 
World ;  whence  issued  expeditions  to  make  discoveries  and  conquests,  to 
christianize  the  natives,  as  claimed,  to  search  for  gold,  and  to  annex  new 
realms  to  the  crown,  or  rather  to  extend  Spanish  rule  over  the  entire 
Western  World,  all  of  which  Spain  then  claimed  as  her  own. 

This  monstrous  pretension  had  already  received  the  sanction  of  the 
pope,  and  he  was  a  bold  prophet  who  dared  to  peer  into  futurity  far 
enough  to  call  it  in  question. 

Diego  Colon,  the  son  of  Columbus,  was  appointed  governor  of  Hispan- 
iola in  1509.  Next  year  the  conquest  of  Cuba  was  effected  by  300  men 
under  Velasquez,  by  order  of  the  governor.  Not  a  Spaniard  had  been 
lost  in  this  expedition,  which  annexed  a  province  to  Spain,  still  bearing 
its  native  name,  which,  with  Porto  Rico,  are  all  she  now  retains  of  her 
once  universal  empire  in  the  Western  World. 

This  easy  conquest  was  an  incentive  to  undertake  others.  Attention 
was  now  turned  toward  what  ultimately  proved  to  be  the  main  land,  but, 
though  its  coasts  had  already  been  seen  by  navigators,  but  a  vague  idea 
was  entertained  of  them. 

Among  the  adventurers  who  had  come  to  the  newly  discovered  islands 
was  Vasco  Nunez,  better  known  as  Balboa,  a  man  of  good  Spanish  blood, 
but  a  spendthrift  who  had  exhausted  his  fortune,  and  was  unable  to  pay 
his  debts.  To  escape  the  vigilance  of  his  creditors,  he  caused  himself  to 
be  headed  up  in  a  cask,  and  sent  as  freight  aboard  a  vessel  bound  for  St. 
Domingo.  When  fairly  at  sea  the  mysterious  cask  burst  open  at  the 
astonished  view  of  the  passengers,  and  Balboa  walked  forth  on  the  deck 
of  the  vessel  with  the  air  of  a  relieved  bankrupt. 

Like  many  men  of  our  own  time  he  was  not  fitted  for  the  sharp  rivalry 
of  trade.  Though  modest  and  unassuming  by  nature,  he  was  strorg 
in  council  and  an  able  commander,  who  knew  how  to  seour?  the  ivsp; •<  t, 
and  even  the  affection  of  his  subordinates. 

The  work  of  colonizing  the  mainland  had  already  been  put  in  cours<>  of 
preparation  by  Juan  de  la  Cosa,  whose  map  is  herewith  shown,  but  no 
success  had  yet  been  attained.  It  was  easy  to  rob  gold  from  the  natives, 


llj-  HISTORICAL    (J!  "(.KAI'HY. 

hut  a.  slow  and  toilsome  work  to  enforce  wealth  from  the  soil,  especially 
of  the  torrid  /.one  of  tin-  isthmus. 

A  settlement  had  a  In  ady  l»een  made  at  San  Sebastian,  but  nota  perma- 
nent one.  Over  sixty  Spaniards  had  been  killed  already  by  the  poisoned 
arrows  of  the  natms,  amon^ ;  whom  was  Cosa  himself. 

I'.; ill...; i  ^;i>  here,  and  at  his  suggestion  the  colony  crossed  the  inlet 

(Julf  of  rraba  to  a  spot  known  as  Darien,and  there  established  the  town 

of  Santa  Maria,  the  first  permanent  foothold  of  the  Spanish  on  the  conti- 

nent.     Balhoa  givw  to  favor  in  the  estimation  of  the  colonists,  and  soon 

•lie  its  piv«  mor,  but  his  great  achievement  was  his  discovery  of  the 

•it-  ocean  when  at  the  head  of  sixty-seven  men  he  pioneered  his  way 

—  the  isthmus,  and  on  the  25th  of  September,  151 3,  beheld  these  waters. 

Transported  with  the  grandeur  of  the  scene  before  him,  he  named  them 

the  Smth  sea,  ;;nd  took  solemn  possession  of  them  in  the  nameof  his 

master,  the  King  of  Spain,  claiming  for  him  dominion  over  them. 

His  discovery  was  the  admiration  of  Europe,  but  through  the  jealousy 
of  other  Spanish  officials,  plots  were  formed  against  him,  and  in  an  evil 
hour  Charles  V,  under  the  strain  of  them  superseded  him  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  Pedrarias,  as  governor  of  the  Darien  colony.  He  was  a  man  of 
immobility,  as  far  as  sentiment  or  passion  was  at  stake,  except  the  pas- 
sion of  envy.  Pending  his  official  term,  Balboa  had  made  many  suc- 
cessful incursions  among  the  natives,  and  secured  large  amounts  of  gold, 
and  had  made  himself  very  popular  among  his  soldier  colonists.  A  Span- 
ish colonist  always  meant  a  soldier,  and  a  soldier  meant  a  defender  of 
"the  faith."  But  when  Pedrarias  am ved  on  the  ground  with  his  au- 
thority to  displace  him,  Balboa  retired  with  due  obedience  to  the  man- 
date of  the  king,  which  was  not  to  be  called  into  question. 

And  now  he  set  about  new  plans  of  invasion,  destined  never  to  be  put 

in  execution.     Pedrarias  hated  him.     His  talents  were  too  great  as  an 

explorer  and  military  leader  to  play  the  subordinate  with  consistency, 

but  Balboa,  always  fertile  in  plans,  conceived  the  idea  of  marrying  his 

daughter,  and  thus  allay  his  malicious  envy.     Pedrarias  consented,  and 

all  went  smooth  for  a  time;  but  at  last  even  this  tie  was  insufficient  to 

dousy,  which  kejit  pace  with  the  growing  popular  favor 

of  Balboa;  and  Pedrarias  arrested  him  under  a  charge  of  conspiracy  to 

It,  tried  him  by  false  evidence,  condemned  aoid  executed  him  with 

-pite  of  a  demon:  feasting   hi  the  red  stream  that  poured 

from   his  body.  a>  its  h.-ad    rolled  from  the  block  of  the  executioner. 


HISTORICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


123 


H 


LIST  OF  RARE  WORKS, 

FOR  THE  PRESERVATION  "OF 

CHICAGO   HISTORY. 

Blanchard'S    History  of   •'  -    T2>- 

pp.,  8  vo.  HalfMor. 
Blanchard's  Historical  Map  of  ]1; 

with  ftf 

» 

Hurlburt'S  Antiquities  of  Chicagr 
pp.,  octavo. 

The  above  are  now  out  of  j.  nly  a 

very  3  are  left. 

Map  <  i    1834,  (:i    eopy)    in 

Aior.  C 

Photographic 

from  the  Court  Ho. 
l>\-  HVsh 

Photographic  Vi(  ruins? 

r  the     fire    of  1 

View  of  Wolf  s  Point,    the    local' 
the  fork  of  the  Chicago  Ri 
taken  from  Nature     by  Gr 
Davis,   in  I 


: 

1T1   RANDOM- n    Si . ,  ('n: 


